| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Cholesterol and copper in the liver of rabbit inbred strains with differences in dietary cholesterol response de Wolf, I. D., X. M. Fielmich-Bouman, et al. (2003), J Nutr Biochem 14(8): 459-65. Abstract: In order to investigate whether cholesterol intake influences the hepatic copper content of rabbits, we compared the hepatic copper content of two rabbit inbred strains after feeding the animals a control or a cholesterol-rich diet. One strain was not reactive to dietary cholesterol (IIIVO/JU), whereas the other strain was reactive to dietary cholesterol (AX/JU). The coefficient of inbreeding (F) >0.95 for both strains. Dietary cholesterol-reactive rabbits when compared with their non-reactive counterparts had a higher hepatic copper content. The consumption of a hypercholesterolemic diet decreased liver copper concentration (expressed in micro g/g dry weight) in both strains of rabbits, which was (in part) due to dietary-induced hepatomegaly. A decrease in the absolute hepatic copper content was found only in the dietary cholesterol-reactive inbred strain. It is discussed that differences in glucocorticoid levels may be responsible for the strain difference in liver copper content. The cholesterol effect on the hepatic copper content in the reactive strain might be caused by an increased bilirubin secretion. |
| Cholesterol and coronaropathy Vergani, C. (1993), G Ital Cardiol 23(3): 221-4. |
| Cholesterol and coronary artery disease: age as an effect modifier Jacobsen, S. J., D. S. Freedman, et al. (1992), J Clin Epidemiol 45(10): 1053-9. Abstract: An elevation of serum cholesterol has been one of the more frequently cited risk factors for coronary heart disease, found in both case-control and cohort studies. As a result, this country has undertaken massive screening of adults older than 20 years of age in an attempt to identify those persons with cholesterol levels greater than 200 mg/dl, and follow up with an active approach for intervention. The suggested cutpoints for borderline (200-240 mg/dl), and definite (> or = 240 mg/dl) hypercholesterolemia have been applied to all age groups despite suggestions of a diminution of risk conferred by cholesterol in the elderly. This study of 2544 white men undergoing coronary angiography shows that for all men, aged 25-84 years, plasma cholesterol levels were associated with an increase in coronary artery occlusion (rs = 0.15, p < 0.01). However, when stratified by age, this association held only for the younger men, the association diminishing to near zero in the oldest age group. The negative interaction between cholesterol levels and age in predicting coronary artery disease proved highly significant (p < 0.001) in multivariable linear regression analysis, suggesting that cholesterol levels are much less predictive of coronary artery disease in the elderly as compared to the young. These results point to the need for a more finely tuned set of criteria for the evaluation of hypercholesterolemia, one that takes into account the age of the screenee. |
| Cholesterol and coronary artery disease--issues in the 1990s Chia, B. L. (1991), Singapore Med J 32(5): 291-4. |
| Cholesterol and coronary disease--outstanding questions Oliver, M. F. (1991), Z Kardiol 80 Suppl 9: 57-62. Abstract: Established facts include the role of raised blood cholesterol in causing coronary atheroma and that a high dietary intake of saturated fat is a leading cause of coronary disease. It is also clear that reduction of hypercholesterolaemia in middle-aged males reduces CHD incidence, mostly that of non-fatal myocardial infarction. But there are many unresolved questions which should lead to a selective and moderate approach to the management of hypercholesterolaemia. These include lack of the exact knowledge of how raised cholesterol levels lead to atheroma; equivocal evidence of whether reduction of hypercholesterolaemia causes regression of atheroma; uncertainty about how far cholesterol levels can safely be reduced and whether the cost-benefit always justifies action; the fact that reduction of hypercholesterolaemia does not reduce total mortality and may increase non-cardiac mortality; and insufficient evidence as to whether the same policies for middle-aged men should be adopted for woman, the elderly and adolescents. |
| Cholesterol and coronary disease--the altered landscape LaRosa, J. C. (2004), Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 18(1): 9-10. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease Grundy, S. M. (1990), Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 199: 17-24. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease in older adults. No easy answers Denke, M. A. and M. A. Winker (1995), Jama 274(7): 575-7. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease in women Lewis, S. J. (1998), Cardiol Clin 16(1): 9-15. Abstract: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for women. Early studies suggested that CHD was more benign in women than in men. These early studies resulted in limited availability of studies of coronary risk prevention and lipid lowering on women. The realization that women are at high risk for CHD events, however, has led to increased data on the benefit of risk prevention and cholesterol lowering in women. Current data support recommendations for aggressive lipid lowering in women with existing CHD, or who are at risk for developing CHD. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease in women: an overview of primary and secondary prevention Moreno, G. T. and J. E. Manson (1993), Coron Artery Dis 4(7): 580-7. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality Sleight, P. (1992), Aust N Z J Med 22(5 Suppl): 576-9. Abstract: The epidemiological relation between increased levels of blood cholesterol and increased risk of future heart disease is clear, both within and between countries. These strong relationships have led to the adoption of consensus statements in most countries which recommend measures such as the reduction of dietary saturated fat/an increase in the polyunsaturated/saturated ratio and other dietary and sometimes drug methods to reduce serum cholesterol. There is controversy as to whether these measures should be targeted at individuals with high levels of cholesterol or whether there should be a public health approach to the whole population. The public and medical debate has become more heated since the data from intervention trials are conflicting. Taken overall the trials do appear to show reduction in risk of coronary which is stronger for non fatal, compared with fatal coronary events. Meta analysis suggests that increasing benefit accrues from larger reductions and also longer reductions in cholesterol by intervention. However, individual trials frequently show variable results and some, especially the recent 15 year follow up of a Finnish five year intervention (by diet, cholesterol lowering and blood pressure lowering drugs) was strikingly adverse-although the total number of events was not large. Total mortality is much harder to influence and the sum of the available trials is hopelessly inadequate in size to address these questions. As a result confusion abounds and is unlikely to be clarified by the present on going trials. The need for more data is clear. The pilot study for the Oxford Cholesterol Study will be presented as a prelude for a proposed main study in about 20,000 high risk individuals. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality in elderly patients Krumholz, H. M., V. Vaccarino, et al. (1996), Jama 275(2): 110-1. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease mortality. A 23-year follow-up study of 9902 men in Israel Goldbourt, U. and S. Yaari (1990), Arteriosclerosis 10(4): 512-9. Abstract: A 23-year follow-up study of 10,059 40- to 65-year-old participants in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study found that of 3473 deaths (34.5%), in 1098 (10.9%) coronary heart disease (CHD) was the underlying cause. Total serum cholesterol (TC) was measured in 9902 individuals. During the study, CHD mortality was elevated primarily in individuals in quintiles 4 and 5 (TC levels greater than or equal to 217 mg/dl). Although CHD mortality increased marginally with increasing TC at levels below 217 mg/dl, this was entirely explained by age and other correlated risk factors in a multivariate adjustment of the survival curves. The "net" 23-year survival in terms of CHD was 87% in quintile 5 (TC greater than 241) versus 93% in quintile 1 (TC less than 176 mg/dl). CHD mortality was inversely related to the percent of cholesterol in high density lipoprotein (PHDL). All-cause mortality increased only when TC was above 240 mg/dl and in the subjects with PHDL levels in the lowest 20%. Lipids appeared to be somewhat less effective in predicting subsequent CHD mortality than did hypertension and smoking and were clearly secondary in assessing risk of all-cause death. The results raise the question whether intensive treatment for hypercholesterolemia is indicated for men at "borderline" levels. We conclude that the association between serum cholesterol and long-term mortality partly reflects the role that levels of co-existing CHD risk factors play in prognosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk in elderly patients Harris, T., R. Havlik, et al. (1995), Jama 273(17): 1329; author reply 1330-1. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk in elderly patients Katz, D. L. (1995), Jama 273(17): 1329-30; author reply 1330-1. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease risk in elderly patients Stamos, T. and R. S. Rosenson (1995), Jama 273(17): 1330; author reply 1330-1. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. Future directions Grundy, S. M. (1990), Jama 264(23): 3053-9. Abstract: The importance of high serum cholesterol levels as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and the benefit of lowering cholesterol levels for reducing risk are being increasingly accepted. A broad consensus to this effect has led to the establishment of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Although the available evidence fully justifies this program, its practical application to the American public has generated a series of new questions that must be explored. For example, it can be questioned whether reduction in coronary risk through lowering cholesterol levels extends to both sexes and all age groups. For people with high cholesterol levels, dietary modification is undoubtedly the first step of management, but the fraction of people responding adequately to dietary change remains to be determined. Finally, indications for drug therapy and choice of drugs need further exploration, particularly in the area of cost vs benefit. Thus, continuing research must be carried out in parallel with clinical and public health application of cholesterol education. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. The 21st century Grundy, S. M. (1997), Arch Intern Med 157(11): 1177-84. Abstract: Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that reductions of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels substantially decrease the risk for coronary heart disease. These trials confirm other lines of evidence that high levels of LDL are a critical atherogenic factor. Aggressive lowering of LDL levels in high-risk patients promises to significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease in the first third of the 21st century. However, several additional measures will be required to marginalize coronary heart disease in the 21st century. Other lipoprotein abnormalities and other risk factors, eg, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, must be controlled to obtain the full benefit of LDL-lowering therapy. Moreover, the health care delivery system must be reorganized to put more emphasis on prevention. Although much can be achieved through application of current knowledge in prevention efforts, further advances through new research will be required to remove coronary heart disease as a major cause of death in the United States. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: new data from the WOSCOP Study Poli, A. (1997), Pharmacol Res 35(3): 171-2. |
| Cholesterol and coronary heart disease: predicting risks by levels and ratios Kinosian, B., H. Glick, et al. (1994), Ann Intern Med 121(9): 641-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Comparison of four measures of cholesterol for predicting men and women who will develop coronary heart disease within 8 to 10 years. DESIGN: Cohort study. PATIENTS: 1898 men who received placebo (the placebo group of the Lipid Research Clinics LRC Coronary Primary Prevention Trial CPPT), 1025 men and 1442 women who participated in the 1970-1971 Framingham Heart Study biennial examination, and 1911 men and 1767 women without coronary heart disease who were from the LRC Population Prevalence Study. MEASUREMENTS: Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and the ratio of LDL to HDL. Outcomes were coronary heart disease in the CPPT and Framingham studies and death from coronary heart disease in the Prevalence Study. RESULTS: Independent information in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio added risk-discriminating ability to total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol measures (P < 0.02), but the reverse was not true. Among women, a high-risk threshold of 5.6 for the total cholesterol/HDL ratio identified a 0% to 15% larger group at 25% to 45% greater risk in the Prevalence and Framingham studies, respectively, than did current guidelines. Among men in the same studies, a risk threshold of 6.4 for the total cholesterol/HDL ratio identified a 69% to 95% larger group at 2% to 14% greater risk than did LDL cholesterol levels alone. Eight-year likelihood ratios for coronary heart disease ranged from 0.32 to 3.11 in men and from 0.59 to 2.98 in women for total cholesterol/HDL ratios (grouped from < 3 to > or = 9). CONCLUSIONS: The total cholesterol/HDL ratio is a superior measure of risk for coronary heart disease compared with either total cholesterol or LDL cholesterol levels. Current practice guidelines could be more efficient if risk stratification was based on this ratio rather than primarily on the LDL cholesterol level. |