| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Cholesterol and triglyceride levels and their development from 2 to 17 years of age Samanek, M. and Z. Urbanova (1997), Cas Lek Cesk 136(12): 380-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: High blood cholesterol levels is important risk factor of an early atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Information on cholesterol level in children in essential for grading the risk and following its trends in the Czech population and for starting an effective prevention already in childhood. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fasting venous cholesterol and triglyceride levels were measured in 1378 children and adolescents, 707 boys and 671 girls aged 1-17 years. Children with familiar hypercholesterolemia or with another illness influencing the measured data were excluded. The mean total cholesterol (TC) level was 4.46 +/- 0.92 mmol/l. It increased from the youngest age, culminated at the age of 13 and decreased afterwards. Mean HDL cholesterol value was 1.23 mmol/l. The lowest value was measured in the youngest age group. The highest values were reached at the age of 11 years and later. TC/HDL ratio was higher than 4.0 only between the age of 3 and 5. LDL cholesterol mean value was 2.70 +/- 0.92 mmol/l. The lowest values were found between 1 and 3 and 13 to 17 years. Triglyceride mean value was 1.22 +/- 0.79 mmol/l. It ranged from 1.53 mmol/l in the youngest age group to 1.03 mmol/l at the age of 7 to 9 years. The values in boys did not differ from those in girls. TC was higher in children with an increased body mass than in children with normal body weight. We did not prove any regional difference in the measured values. CONCLUSIONS: The desired TC value (< 4.41 mmol/l) was found in only 52% of children. In total 18% of all probands, but 26% of school age children belong into high risk category with TC above 5.20 mmol/l. |
| Cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the serum of muricidal male Wistar rats: indices of mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors? Miachon, S., M. Jouvenet, et al. (2000), Brain Res Bull 51(1): 57-61. Abstract: Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were studied in the serum of aggressive muricidal and non-muricidal male Wistar rats. The muricidal behavior was either spontaneous or induced by a long-term isolation or by adrenalectomy. Cholesterol levels were slightly higher in the whole population of muricidal rats; this was mainly observed in spontaneously and in adrenalectomized muricidal rats, as compared to non-muricidal rats of the same series. As regards triglyceride levels, they were significantly higher in the whole population of muricidal rats, mainly in isolation- and adrenalectomy-induced muricidal rats; the ratio of triglycerides to body weight was higher in the serum of muricidal rats of all series. The possible significance of these results is discussed in light of the data of the literature and related to the functional role of either mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptors or serotonin. |
| Cholesterol and triglyceride reduction in rats fed Matthiola incana seed oil rich in (n-3) fatty acids Yaniv, Z., D. Schafferman, et al. (1999), J Agric Food Chem 47(2): 637-42. Abstract: Seeds of Matthiola incana contain oil rich (55-65%) in (n-3) linolenic acid. Selected lines were developed and evaluated for their agronomic and chemical parameters. Extracted oil was fed for 6 weeks to rats, which were compared with rats fed a diet containing coconut oil or sunflower oil. Cholesterol levels were significantly lowest in rats fed diets rich in M. incana oil (27% reduction), and triglycerides were significantly lower in rats receiving either M. incana or sunflower oil (36% reduction). The contents of arachidonic acid and other (n-6) fatty acids were significantly the lowest in the liver and plasma of rats that had received M. incana oil. The levels of (n-3) fatty acids were significantly greater in both the liver and plasma of rats fed M. incana oil. The ratio of (n-3)/(n-6) long-chain fatty acids in the plasma was 7 times higher in rats fed with M. incana oil than in those fed with sunflower oil and 6 times higher than in those fed coconut oil. The results demonstrate for the first time a beneficial effect of dietary M. incana oil in reducing cholesterol levels and increasing (n-3) fatty acid levels in the plasma. This new, terrestrial plant source of (n-3) fatty acids could replace marine oils and thereby contribute beneficially to the human diet. |
| Cholesterol and triglycerides in atherosclerosis: epidemiologic and physiopathologic considerations Davidoff, P. (1991), Rev Med Chil 119(9): 1050-8. Abstract: Increased cholesterol levels above 200 mg/dl, LDL levels above 130 mg/dl and total cholesterol/HDL ratio above 4.5 in males and above 5.0 in females are recognized as indicators of increased risk of atherosclerosis. Risk associated to increased triglyceride levels (above 200 mg/dl) must be judged in relation to associated factors such as family history of coronary heart disease, presence of remnants (type III hyperlipidemia), presence of Lp(a), increased levels of Apo B, reduced levels of HDL2 or Apo A1. VLDL and chylomicron remnants and Lp(a) have an atherogenic power in vitro 2 to 4 times that of LDL. There is a correlation between hypertriglyceridemia and reduced HDL2 and Apo A1 levels. Hypertriglyceridemia is frequently associated to other risk factors like diabetes, obesity, hyperinsulinism, and high blood pressure. Finally, VLDL may elevate levels of plasma plasminogen inhibitor. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia should be investigated when, evaluating risk of atherosclerosis. |
| Cholesterol and unsaturated fat diets influence lipid and glucose concentrations in rats Adamopoulos, P. N., C. M. Papamichael, et al. (1996), Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 113(3): 659-63. Abstract: The present study investigated the effects of dietary cholesterol and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and glucose concentrations. Four groups of ten male Wistar albino rats were fed diets of different fatty acid composition for 40 days. The control group consumed nonpurified diet (containing fat 3.7 g/100 g diet), and cholesterol, olive oil, and safflower oil groups consumed the nonpurified diet enriched with 14 g fat/100 g diet with egg yolk, olive oil, or safflower oil, respectively. Compared with the control, the diet enriched with cholesterol significantly increased fasting plasma cholesterol (P < 0.01), triacylglycerol (P < 0.01), total lipid (P < 0.01) and glucose (P < 0.05) concentrations; in the olive oil group, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were significantly increased compared with control group (P < 0.01 in both instances). In safflower oil group, triacylglycerol levels were also significantly increased (P < 0.05) compared with the controls. After comparing diets providing the same amount of fat (cholesterol, olive oil, and safflower oil groups), higher cholesterol, triacylglycerol and total lipid levels were observed in the cholesterol group than in the olive oil group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively), and safflower oil group (P < 0.01 in all instances). High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the cholesterol group than in the olive oil and safflower oil groups (P < 0.05 in both instances) and fasting plasma glucose levels were higher in the cholesterol than in the olive oil (P < 0.05) and safflower oil groups (P < 0.01). Finally, after comparing lipid and glucose levels in the unsaturated fatty acids-enriched diets, higher plasma cholesterol concentrations were observed in the olive oil than in the safflower oil group (P < 0.05). These data suggest that not only the amount but also the type of dietary fat can influence serum lipid levels. |
| Cholesterol and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein take separate routes from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane Urbani, L. and R. D. Simoni (1990), J Biol Chem 265(4): 1919-23. Abstract: Transport of newly synthesized cholesterol and vesicular stomatitis virus G protein from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane is interrupted by incubation at 15 degrees C. Under this condition the newly synthesized molecules accumulate in both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and a subcellular vesicle fraction of low density called the lipid-rich vesicle fraction. The material in the lipid-rich vesicle fraction appears to be a post-ER intermediate in the transport process to the plasma membrane (PM). Although both newly synthesized cholesterol and G protein accumulate in this intermediate compartment at 15 degrees C, suggesting cotransport, treatment with Brefeldin A does not affect cholesterol transport to the PM, whereas it strongly inhibits G protein transport. We conclude that cholesterol and G protein leave the ER in separate vesicles, the cholesterol containing vesicles bypass the Golgi apparatus and proceed to the PM, whereas G protein containing vesicles follow the well documented Golgi route to the cell surface. |
| Cholesterol and violence: is there a connection? Faustman, W. O., D. L. Ringo, et al. (1998), Ann Intern Med 129(8): 669; author reply 669-70. |
| Cholesterol and violence: is there a connection? Goldstein, M. R. (1998), Ann Intern Med 129(8): 668-9; author reply 669-70. |
| Cholesterol and violence: is there a connection? Golomb, B. A. (1998), Ann Intern Med 128(6): 478-87. Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine whether the seeming relation between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence is consistent with causality according to Hill's criteria and whether construct validity is supported by convergence of findings across different types of studies. DATA SOURCES: Search of the MEDLINE database for English-language articles published between 1965 and 1995 was supplemented by searches of the PsycINFO and Current Contents databases and bibliographies of relevant articles. STUDY SELECTION: Peer-reviewed observational and experimental articles and meta-analyses that presented original research; related cholesterol levels to behaviorally defined violence; and, if experimental, had single-factor (lipid-only) intervention. DATA EXTRACTION: Studies were grouped according to type. Data on the relation of violence to cholesterol levels from each study were recorded. DATA SYNTHESIS: Observational studies (including cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies) consistently showed increased violent death and violent behaviors in persons with low cholesterol levels. Some meta-analyses of randomized trials found excess violent deaths in men without heart disease who were randomly assigned to receive cholesterol-lowering therapy. Experimental studies showed increased violent behaviors in monkeys assigned to low-cholesterol diets. Human and animal research indicates that low or lowered cholesterol levels may reduce central serotonin activity, which in turn is causally linked to violent behaviors. Many trials support a significant relation between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant association between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence is found across many types of studies. Data on this association conform to Hill's criteria for a causal association. Concerns about increased risk for violent outcomes should figure in risk-benefit analyses for cholesterol screening and treatment. |
| Cholesterol and violence: is there a connection? Nash, S. D. (1998), Ann Intern Med 129(8): 668; author reply 669-70. |
| Cholesterol and violence: is there a connection? Weinberger, R. F. (1998), Ann Intern Med 129(8): 669-70. |
| Cholesterol and violent behavior Santiago, J. M. and J. E. Dalen (1994), Arch Intern Med 154(12): 1317-21. Abstract: Despite significant decreases corrected in the incidence of myocardial infarction, reduction of total mortality as a result of cholesterol-lowering programs has not been demonstrated. This puzzling outcome has led to several hypotheses linking cholesterol levels and mortality due to accidents, suicide, and homicide. We review the proposed explanations for increased mortality due to violent deaths. We discuss the available evidence and conclude that while there are some intriguing findings based on the well-established relationship between violent behavior and serotonin activity, the necessary link between cholesterol, serotonin, and violence has not been demonstrated. The complexity of the observed violent behaviors and their multiple determinants defies a simple explanation at the present time. |
| Cholesterol and violent behavior Serjeant, M. E. (1995), Arch Intern Med 155(5): 544. |
| Cholesterol and violent death Katz, A. M. (1991), J Mol Cell Cardiol 23(11): 1343-4. |
| Cholesterol and violent death. Clinical importance is questionable Owens, D. (1994), Bmj 309(6963): 1228. |
| Cholesterol and violent death. Diets, violence, and civilization Hughes, M. (1994), Bmj 309(6963): 1228. |
| Cholesterol and violent death. Other studies exist Boston, P. F., S. M. Dursun, et al. (1994), Bmj 309(6963): 1228. |
| Cholesterol and your health Korman, L. (1999), Lippincotts Prim Care Pract 3(3): 271-4. |
| Cholesterol antagonizes ethanol potentiation of human brain BKCa channels reconstituted into phospholipid bilayers Crowley, J. J., S. N. Treistman, et al. (2003), Mol Pharmacol 64(2): 365-72. Abstract: The activity of large conductance, Ca2+-sensitive K+ (BKCa) channels, known to control neuronal excitability, is increased by ethanol (EtOH) exposure. Moreover, brain cholesterol (CHS) is elevated after chronic exposure to EtOH, suggesting that membrane CHS may play a role in drug tolerance. Here, we use BKCa channels from human brain (hslo subunits), reconstituted into 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylserine (POPS) bilayers, to examine CHS modulation of EtOH sensitivity. Acute exposure to clinically relevant EtOH levels increases channel activity without modifying conductance. In this minimal system, increases in CHS content within the range found in neuronal membranes lead to progressive antagonism of EtOH action. Furthermore, CHS inhibits basal channel activity with an affinity similar to that of CHS blunting of the alcohol effect. Modification of channel gating by either EtOH or CHS is reduced dramatically by removal of POPS from the bilayer, suggesting a common mechanism(s) of action. Indeed, channel dwell-time analysis indicates that CHS and EtOH exert opposite actions on the stability of channel closed states. However, each agent also acts on distinct dwell states not mirrored by the other, which contribute to the opposite effects of CHS and EtOH on channel gating. |
| Cholesterol as a predictor of progression in diabetic renal disease Ravid, M. and R. Rachmani (1997), Contrib Nephrol 120: 39-47. |