| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
||
|
|
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Cholesterol changes in smoking cessation using the transdermal nicotine system. Transdermal Nicotine Study Group Allen, S. S., D. Hatsukami, et al. (1994), Prev Med 23(2): 190-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND. Cigarette smoking is a well-known major risk factor in coronary heart disease. Smoking cessation results in a positive change in atherogenic factors. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been observed as increasing with smoking cessation. Since the use of nicotine transdermal replacement has become so widespread, this study examined the effect, if any, of the transdermal nicotine system on selected cardiovascular parameters in patients who were abstinent from cigarette smoking, and possible dose effect. METHODS. Eight cardiovascular outcome measures were evaluated at baseline and Week 6 in both abstinent and non-abstinent patients randomized to four treatment groups; transdermal nicotine system 7 mg, 14 mg, and 21 mg per day, and placebos. RESULTS. In abstinent patients, systolic blood pressure and heart rate decreased from baseline (while still smoking, before the start of the study) to the end of transdermal treatment, while weight increased. Similarly, HDL increased while LDL decreased and triglycerides increased. In nonabstinent patients, weight also increased from baseline to Week 6 while heart rate decreased. No other variables showed significant change. In abstinent patients, effect of nicotine dosage was observed with greater weight gain in placebo than 21 mg TTS patients and greater decrease in heart rate in placebo than 21 mg TTS patients. CONCLUSIONS. In summary, the abstinent patients showed a positive effect of smoking cessation on cardiovascular risk factors even while using the transdermal nicotine system. These findings are favorable since the transdermal nicotine system has become a useful method of nicotine replacement in smoking cessation programs. |
| Cholesterol changes the fatty acid composition of rat enterocytes Gazzola, J., E. F. Martins, et al. (2003), Braz J Med Biol Res 36(1): 137-41. Abstract: The effect of free cholesterol on the fatty acid composition and growth of rat fetal enterocytes was investigated in the absence and presence of 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum. Cholesterol caused a significant reduction of cell number after 6 and 12 h in culture. The fatty acid composition of enterocytes cultured in the presence of serum was also changed by the presence of 20 microM cholesterol. The fatty acid profile was determined by HPLC using fluorescence detection (325 nm excitation and 395 nm emission). Cholesterol (20 microM) increased the proportion (given in percentage of the total fatty acids) of the following fatty acids in cultured cells: lauric (by 42%), oleic (by 34%), linoleic (by 44%) and gamma-linolenic (by 20%) acids and reduced the proportion of palmitic (by 12%), stearic (by 20%), arachidonic (by 21%) and docosahexaenoic (by 44%) acids. In addition to modifying the content of individual fatty acids, cholesterol increased the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio from 0.48 to 0.67 and the unsaturation index from 67.12 to 75.30. This is the first evidence that cholesterol modifies fatty acid composition possibly via de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation. |
| Cholesterol chlorohydrin synthesis by the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system: potential markers for lipoproteins oxidatively damaged by phagocytes Heinecke, J. W., W. Li, et al. (1994), Biochemistry 33(33): 10127-36. Abstract: Myeloperoxidase, a heme protein secreted by activated phagocytes, uses hydrogen peroxide to produce potent cytotoxins. One important substrate is chloride, which is converted to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). This diffusible oxidant plays a critical role in the destruction of invading pathogens. Under pathological conditions, HOCl may also injure normal tissue. Recent studies have shown that myeloperoxidase is a component of human atherosclerotic lesions. Because oxidized lipoproteins may play a central role in atherogenesis, we have explored the possibility that cholesterol is a target for damage by myeloperoxidase. Three major classes of sterol oxidation products were apparent when cholesterol-phosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles which had been exposed to a myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-chloride system were subsequently analyzed by normal-phase thin layer chromatography. The products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as cholesterol alpha- and beta-chlorohydrins (6 beta-chlorocholestane-3 beta,5 alpha-diol and 5 alpha-chlorocholestane-3 beta,6 beta-diol), cholesterol alpha- and beta-epoxides (cholesterol 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxide and cholesterol 5 beta,6 beta-epoxide), and a novel cholesterol chlorohydrin. Conversion of cholesterol to the oxidation products required active myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and halide and could be blocked by catalase or by scavengers of HOCl. Moreover, in the absence of the enzymatic system, reagent HOCl generated the same distribution of products. These results indicate that myeloperoxidase can convert cholesterol to chlorohydrins and epoxides by a reaction involving HOCl. Other oxygenated sterols are cytotoxic and mutagenic and are potent regulators of cholesterol homeostasis in cultured mammalian cells. Cholesterol chlorohydrins might similarly mediate powerful biological effects in the artery wall. Because chlorohydrins are stable under our experimental conditions, chlorinated sterols may prove useful as markers for lipoproteins oxidatively damaged by activated phagocytes. |
| Cholesterol cholelithiasis Cohen, B. I. and E. H. Mosbach (1993), Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 37: 289-312. |
| Cholesterol cholelithiasis in the prairie dog: role of mucin and nonmucin glycoproteins Afdhal, N. H., D. Gong, et al. (1993), Hepatology 17(4): 693-700. Abstract: The aims of this study were to examine the effect of exogenous prostaglandin on mucin secretion and to determine the role of nonmucin glycoproteins on gallstone formation in the prairie dog model of cholesterol cholelithiasis. The concentration of total glycoprotein and nonmucin glycoproteins was measured in gallbladder bile from four groups of prairie dogs fed a control diet or a diet supplemented with 1.2% cholesterol with or without simultaneous subcutaneous administration of prostaglandin E1. Cholesterol feeding resulted in an increased concentration of concanavalin-A binding-proteins in gallbladder bile associated with an increase in pronucleating activity in vitro. Treatment with prostaglandin E1 and cholesterol feeding was associated with a significant increase in the incidence of cholesterol gallstone formation. Prostaglandin E1 treatment in the cholesterol-fed animals increased biliary concentrations of total glycoprotein and concanavalin-A-binding glycoproteins. Therefore the increased biliary glycoprotein level in cholesterol-fed, prostaglandin E1-treated prairie dogs, which reflects higher levels of mucin and nonmucin glycoproteins, appears to be an important factor in gallstone formation. |
| Cholesterol cholelithiasis. A clinical case Zoppi, G. and A. Luciano (1993), Pediatr Med Chir 15(6): 623-4. Abstract: The Authors present a case of cholesterinic cholelithiasis, in a patient 13 years of age. The case is interesting because the cholesterol gallstones are uncommon in childhood, with women showing a higher prevalence than men. |
| Cholesterol concentration and cellular metabolism Koch, H. J. (1993), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 118(3): 83. |
| Cholesterol concentration of egg yolk and blood plasma and performance of laying hens as influenced by dietary alpha-ketoisocaproic acid Beyer, R. S. and L. S. Jensen (1992), Poult Sci 71(1): 120-7. Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of supplemental alpha-ketoisocaproic acid (KIC) or Leu on layer performance and plasma and egg cholesterol levels. In the first experiment, 0.09, or.27% KIC and.09 or.27% Leu were fed to 62-wk-old laying hens. In a second experiment, the same levels plus another level of.54% KIC and.54% Leu were fed to 32-wk-old hens for an 8-wk period. The basal diet or the basal diet supplemented with.27% KIC or.27% Leu were continued for 20 wk to determine the long-term effects of these supplements. In a third experiment, hens were fed 0.1.2, or.4% KIC for 8 wk. The addition of KIC and Leu to the hen diets did not affect percentage egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, or Haugh units. In Experiment 1.27% KIC and.09% Leu significantly increased BW gain. Neither KIC or Leu significantly affected BW gain in Experiment 2 when measured at 8 or 28 wk. In the third experiment, diets supplemented with KIC increased significantly BW gain. In Experiment 1.09% KIC and.09% Leu significantly reduced egg cholesterol at 4 wk. After 8 wk.27% KIC reduced egg cholesterol significantly below the controls. No effect on plasma or egg cholesterol was observed in Experiments 2 and 3. |
| Cholesterol concentrations and cardiovascular reactivity to stress in African American college volunteers Clark, V. R., C. L. Moore, et al. (1998), J Behav Med 21(5): 505-15. Abstract: Cholesterol levels and cardiovascular responses to emotionally arousing stimuli were examined in 60 healthy African American males and females. Cardiac output, stroke volume, contractile force, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured as the participants viewed two racially noxious scenes on videotape. Total serum cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and triglycerides were measured within 2 weeks of viewing the scenes. Multiple regression analysis showed that LDL and HDL were significant predictors of blood pressure responses. A correlation analysis revealed that total serum cholesterol and LDL were positively correlated with stroke volume, contractile force, and blood pressure reactivity. A possible relationship among stress, beta-adrenergic activity, and nonmetabolized free fatty acids is discussed. These findings suggest that cardiovascular reactivity to stress may be a new risk factor for heart and vascular diseases. |
| Cholesterol concentrations and depression in elderly people Brown, S. L. (1995), Ann Med 27(2): 141-2. |
| Cholesterol concentrations in cord blood of newborn infants Zhao, W. H., Y. J. Liu, et al. (2003), Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 41(2): 107-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease with an estimated worldwide prevalence of 0.2%. It is caused by a multitude of low density lipoprotein receptor gene mutations. It is characterized with high levels of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a high incidence of coronary artery disease in young adults. Cord blood cholesterol concentration is used for mass screening of FH. The purpose of this study was to detect the lipid levels of cord blood in newborn infants from China and to determine the cut-off point after 1 to 2 years follow-up. METHODS: TC, triglycerides (TG), LDL-C and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined in 242 healthy full-term newborn infants. RESULTS: The mean values of TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in cord blood were (1.69 +/- 0.40) mmol/L, (0.23 +/- 0.12) mmol/L, (0.81 +/- 0.21) mmol/L and (0.58 +/- 0.16) mmol/L (mean +/- standard deviation), respectively. The HDL-C concentration in male neonates was lower than that in female neonates (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After the follow-up of 1 to 2 years for FH, the recommended screening cut-off points were TC > or = 2.47 mmol/L and LDL-C > or = 0.89 mmol/L. |
| Cholesterol concentrations in diabetic patients in Nnewi, Nigeria Ahaneku, J. E., C. E. Dioka, et al. (1996), Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 34(4): 339-41. Abstract: Twenty out-patient and twenty in-patient adult Nigerian type II diabetics and twenty healthy subjects matched for sex, age and weight, were studied at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria. Mean total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose concentrations were higher in the diabetics. The out-patients had significantly higher total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose values than their in-patient counterparts. The possible cardiovascular risk of the raised cholesterol level in the diabetics was discussed. We recommend that for effective management of diabetic patients, periodic measurement of cholesterol level is necessary. An integrated enlightenment programme to acquaint the out-patients with the health benefits of dietary and drug compliance and occasional hospitalisation for better monitoring would be desirable. |
| Cholesterol concentrations in violent and non-violent women suicide attempters Vevera, J., I. Zukov, et al. (2003), Eur Psychiatry 18(1): 23-7. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether women with a history of violent suicide attempts have lower serum cholesterol concentrations than those who attempted suicide by non-violent methods. Our retrospective study used a case-control design to compare serum total cholesterol concentration, hematocrit, red blood cell count and body mass index (BMI) in women with a history of violent (n = 19) or non-violent (n = 51) suicide attempts and of non-suicidal controls (n = 70) matched by diagnosis and age. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with age as the covariate was used to analyze differences in cholesterol levels in groups according to violence. Violence was found to be a significant factor (P = 0.016). Using the Scheffe test, a significant difference (P = 0.011) was revealed between the group of violent and non-violent suicide attempters and between the violent suicide attempters and the control group. Patients with a violent suicidal attempt have significantly lower cholesterol levels than patients with non-violent attempts and the control subjects. Our findings suggest that suicide attempts should not be considered a homogeneous group. They are consistent with the theory that low levels of cholesterol are associated with increased tendency for impulsive behavior and aggression and contribute to a more violent pattern of suicidal behavior. |
| Cholesterol condensation of alpha-linolenic and gamma-linolenic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine monolayers and bilayers Stillwell, W., W. D. Ehringer, et al. (1994), Biochim Biophys Acta 1214(2): 131-6. Abstract: Cholesterol is demonstrated to condense phosphatidylcholine (PC) monolayers and bilayers containing stearic acid in the sn-1 position and alpha-linolenic acid in the sn-2 position (18:0, alpha-18:3 PC) but has no effect when gamma-linolenic acid occupies the sn-2 position (18:0,gamma-18:3 PC). Cholesterol-induced condensation is measured by area/molecule determinations made on monolayers using a Langmuir trough, while condensation in bilayers is followed by the fluorescent dyes merocyanine (MC540) and dansyllysine. Permeability to erythritol is also demonstrated to be diminished by cholesterol for the condensable 18:0,alpha-18:3 PC bilayer membranes but not the 18:0,gamma-18:3 PC membranes. alpha- and gamma-linolenic acid are isomers containing 18 carbons and three unsaturations. Both fatty acids have unsaturations at positions 9 and 12 and differ only in the location of the third unsaturation, at either position 6 for gamma-linolenic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) and at position 15 for alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid). Here lipid-cholesterol interaction is used to distinguish the effect of position of unsaturation on membrane structure. |
| Cholesterol consumption alters hepatic sphingomyelin metabolism in rats Geelen, M. J., L. B. Tijburg, et al. (1995), J Nutr 125(9): 2294-300. Abstract: The hypothesis that cholesterol consumption alters hepatic sphingomyelin homeostasis was tested. Rats were fed a purified diet with or without added cholesterol (1 g/100 g) for up to 21 d. In accordance with previous work, cholesterol consumption significantly increased hepatic, whole plasma and VLDL cholesterol concentrations. Dietary cholesterol also raised the amount of sphingomyelin in the VLDL fraction, which was associated with a decrease in hepatic sphingomyelin concentrations. We suggest that the increase in hepatic VLDL secretion after cholesterol consumption imposed an increase in the demand for sphingomyelin in the liver because this phospholipid is a structural component of VLDL. Determination of the activity of two key enzymes of sphingomyelin homeostasis revealed that cholesterol consumption reduced the activity of acid sphingomyelinase in the liver but did not affect that of serine palmitoyltransferase. These enzyme data indicate that the extra sphingomyelin needed after cholesterol loading results from a decrease in the rate of its catabolism in the liver. |
| Cholesterol content but not plasma membrane fluidity influences the susceptibility of L1210 leukemia cells to merocyanine 540-sensitized irradiation Gaffney, D. K., J. B. Feix, et al. (1991), Photochem Photobiol 54(5): 717-23. Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between lipid composition, plasma membrane fluidity, expression of dye binding sites, and susceptibility to merocyanine 540 (MC540)-sensitized irradiation in L1210 leukemia cells. Reducing the cells' cholesterol content by exchange diffusion with phosphatidylcholine liposomes or by inhibiting its biosynthesis with 25-hydroxycholesterol enhanced plasma membrane fluidity, the expression of dye binding sites, and the cells' susceptibility to MC540-sensitized irradiation. Conversely, if the cholesterol content was enhanced by exchange diffusion with cholesterol:phosphatidylcholine liposomes, the cells' susceptibility to MC540-sensitized irradiation was decreased. However, contrary to expectations, dye-binding was slightly enhanced and plasma membrane fluidity remained unchanged. Growing the cells in fatty acid-supplemented medium had profound effects on their lipid composition. Cells enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids had more fluid plasma membranes. However, dye-binding was not significantly affected and photosensitivity was slightly reduced. These results suggest that cholesterol is one, but probably not the only, determinant of the expression of cellular dye binding sites and, consequently, the cell's susceptibility to MC540-sensitized irradiation. By contrast, plasma membrane fluidity does not appear to play a major role in the regulation of dye-binding site expression. |
| Cholesterol content in chicken meat and chicken products Rincon, A. M., F. Carrillo de Padilla, et al. (1997), Arch Latinoam Nutr 47(1): 81-4. Abstract: High cholesterol saturated lipids ingestion has been linked to the increment of coronary diseases, particularly atherosclerosis. In this study, samples of viscera and chicken meat, as well as manufactured chicken products are characterized from the point of view of their sterol content, specially cholesterol, with the purpose to determine their nutritional quality and to contribute with the development of Venezuelan food composition tables. Gas-liquid chromatography was the method chosen for the separation and quantification of cholesterol and fitosterols eventually present. The method involves lipids extraction, direct saponification, extraction of the unsaponifiable matter and its injection in the gas chromatograph. The average cholesterol values in mg/100 g. wet sample were: 31.13 (manufactured chicken breast); 57,35 (ham like type of product made with chicken); 69.02 (chicken sausages); 60.46 (chicken "bologna"). |
| Cholesterol content in European bovine milk fats Precht, D. (2001), Nahrung 45(1): 2-8. Abstract: Data about the cholesterol content in edible fats like bovine milk fat are important for balancing the cholesterol intake with food. A comparison of 3 different cholesterol determination methods showed that with the direct analysis by a 25 m long TAP steel capillary column the same results could be obtained as with a time-consuming saponification standard method including thin-layer chromatographic cleaning and subsequent silylation. On the other hand with a rapid direct method using a short packed column 21% unsaponifiables as e.g. minor sterols or hydrocarbons could be found in the "cholesterol peak". The analysis of 1142 German milk fats led to a mean cholesterol content of 265.6 +/- 20.0 mg/100 g fat (range: 204.4 to 382.5). For 165 milk fats from other 12 EU-countries, a similar mean cholesterol content of 258.5 +/- 19.9 mg/100 g fat (range: 215.0 to 331.6) was detected. Compared with sufficiently fed cows, underfed cows demonstrated an approx. 10.1% lower mean cholesterol content (238.7 +/- 9.7 mg/100 g fat). On the other hand, during the first 7 days post partum, the colostrum showed a significantly higher mean cholesterol content of 327.2 +/- 99.0 mg/100 g fat (n = 15; range: 213.1 to 583.9). Further, with special conditions as feeding of rape-seed the cholesterol content can be significantly lowered by 8-13%. An extraordinary lowering up to 50% can be reached by dry fractionation of milk fat (stearin "hard" fraction). |
| Cholesterol content in longissimus muscle beef from slaughter cattle in Venezuela Huerta Leidenz, N., J. L. Ruiz Ramirez, et al. (1996), Arch Latinoam Nutr 46(4): 329-33. Abstract: An observational study was conducted with 149 cattle, raised under tropical conditions of Venezuela (mostly grassfed), to study the relationships of sex class (62 bulls, 67 steers, 20 heifers), age by dentition (2.5; 3.0; 3.5 and 4.0 yr), physiological maturity (A or B), cattle type (17 Dairy or 132 Zebu type crossbreds), Venezuelan carcass grade (Optima, Excelente, Selecta or Superior), marbling level (four levels from "None" to "Small quantity"), carcass fat cover (four level: "Even", "Uneven", "patch-like" and "Devoid") and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) over the ribeye (1 = 0.1-0.2 cm; 2 = 0.3-0.4 cm; 3 = 0.5-0.9 cm and 4 = > 1.0 cm) on cholesterol content (mg/ 100 g wet weight) of longissimus muscle. Cholesterol content, as determined colormetrically, did not vary in response to the differences in sex class, age, maturity level, carcass grade, marbling level or SFT represented in the present survey. However, cattle type affected (P = 0.08) cholesterol content. Least square means analysis showed that dairy type contained 12.2 mg more of cholesterol/100 g of muscle than Zebu type. The overall mean (+/- SD) muscle cholesterol for the kind of cattle sampled herein (66.6 +/- 16 mg/100 g) was not considered to be different from those of cattle fed in other latitudes. |
| Cholesterol content in meat of some poultry and fish species as influenced by live weight and total lipid content Komprda, T., J. Zelenka, et al. (2003), J Agric Food Chem 51(26): 7692-7. Abstract: Total cholesterol content in 24 fillets (F) of males and females of common carp, 35 samples of male chicken breast meat (BM) and thigh meat (TM), and 48 samples of male turkey BM and TM, respectively, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography after total lipid (TL) extraction using n-hexane/2-propanol mixture. Cholesterol content in male carp fillets (77.6 mg/100 g) was higher (P < 0.001) in comparison with females (69.4 mg/100 g). Irrespective of the sex differences, cholesterol content increased (P < 0.01) in the sequence chicken BM (53.0 mg/100 g) = turkey BM (53.0) < turkey TM (61.5) < carp F (73.5) < chicken TM (82.9 mg/100 g). Cholesterol content in chicken TM decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing live weight reached at the age of 43 days, but did not change (P > 0.05) in other tested tissues. Cholesterol concentration in TL of all five tested tissues within three animal species decreased sharply (P < 0.001) with increasing TL content reached in a given tissue at the fixed age. It follows from the results of the study that a two hundred gram portion of carp F and chicken TM without skin represents 49 and 55% of the upper limit of daily cholesterol intake, respectively. |