Cholesterol Journal Articles

Record 2581 to 2600

Cholesterol lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods
Ridges, L., R. Sunderland, et al. (2001), Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 10(3): 204-11.
Abstract: Foods such as breads and breakfast cereals enriched with a combination of soy protein (soy grits and/or soy flour) and whole linseed are gaining popularity. Regular consumption of either whole grains or soy protein can lower risk factors for coronary heart disease. Furthermore, linseed is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid. alpha-linolenic acid (LNA), with purported cardiovascular benefits. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of daily consumption of soy and linseed containing foods and Canola (as an added source of LNA) on plasma lipid concentrations in 20 mildly hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal women. Fasted blood samples were taken initially and after 3 and 8 weeks to assay plasma lipids and both plasma and erythrocyte membrane fatty acids. Urinary isoflavones were also measured. Data from 18 subjects were used for analysis. Plasma total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations fell significantly (10, 12.5 and 12%, respectively) within 3 weeks. Although attenuated, there were still significant reductions in total and non-HDL cholesterol (5 and 6.5%, respectively) after 8 weeks of intervention. These reductions were associated with increases in urinary isoflavone excretion. This pilot study indicates that regular inclusion of foods containing soy and linseed in the diet may improve plasma lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia.

Cholesterol lowering bile acid binding agents: novel lipophilic polyamines
Thomas, E. W., M. M. Cudahy, et al. (1992), J Med Chem 35(7): 1233-45.
Abstract: A series of novel lipophilic polyamines was synthesized by the sodium cyanoborohydride-mediated reductive amination of various ketones and aldehydes with the polyamine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. Two of these compounds, N,N-bis2-(cyclododecylamino)ethyl-N'-benzyl-1,2-ethanediamine trihydrochloride (36.3HCl) and N,N-bis2-(cyclododecylmethylamino)ethyl-N',N'-dimethyl-1,2-ethan ediamine (23), are 29 and 24 times more potent than colestipol hydrochloride, respectively, for lowering animal serum cholesterol levels.

Cholesterol lowering by alpha-linolenic acid
Cunnane, S. (1992), Am J Clin Nutr 55(1): 140-1.

Cholesterol lowering by diet: what can be achieved?
Katan, M. B. (1999), Acta Cardiol 54(3): 151-4.
Abstract: The cholesterol concentration in the plasma is poorly regulated by the human organism and is therefore easily influenced by lifestyle. Indeed cholesterol levels differ between populations. An important question is how much diet can be held responsible for differences in cholesterol level between e.g. Finland and Japan at the beginning of the Seven Countries Study around 1960. This difference can partly be explained by a difference in saturated fat intake but there was probably an accumulation of both genetic cholesterol elevating factors present in the Finnish society and of cholesterol-lowering factors in the Japanese society. However, controlled trials do show a major effect of diet on cholesterol. With iso-caloric diets low in saturated fat and high in fibre a reduction in total cholesterol of 20-30% can be realized. The reduction can be larger if weight loss also occurs. Further reductions may occur when novel foods are introduced on the market e.g. margarines enriched with plant sterols that give an additional reduction in total cholesterol of about 10%. It can be concluded that diet can reduce total cholesterol levels substantially. The value of novel foods in this context has to be evaluated.

Cholesterol lowering diets and coronary heart disease. Advice should now be to increase intake of vegetable oils and fish
Oliver, M. F. (1998), Bmj 317(7167): 1253.

Cholesterol lowering diets and coronary heart disease. Diet alone substantially reduces cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemia
Evans, D. W. (1999), Bmj 318(7188): 945.

Cholesterol lowering diets and coronary heart disease. Dietary advice should focus on promoting antioxidants and the right sort of fats
Conway, S. (1998), Bmj 317(7167): 1253.

Cholesterol lowering diets and coronary heart disease. Farmed and wild fish may have different effects
Bhopal, R. (1999), Bmj 318(7188): 945.

Cholesterol lowering does have a role in secondary prevention
Wood, D. A. (1995), Br Heart J 73(1): 4-5.

Cholesterol lowering drugs
Amarasingham, R. (1990), N Z Med J 103(895): 380.

Cholesterol lowering effect of dietary weight loss and orlistat treatment--efficacy and limitations
Erdmann, J., F. Lippl, et al. (2004), Aliment Pharmacol Ther 19(11): 1173-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Orlistat reduces energy uptake by the impairment of fat digestion and some evidence indicates it also lowers plasma cholesterol. AIM: To examine total, low-density lipoprotein- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol during a weight reducing regimen, and assess the effect of orlistat in lowering cholesterol levels independent of its weight reducing efficacy. METHODS: A total of 448 patients with elevated cholesterol according to cardiovascular risk factors entered a 2 week single-blind run-in period on a hypocaloric diet. Of 384 patients were subsequently assigned double-blind treatment with orlistat (3 x 120 mg/day) or placebo for 6 months in conjunction with the hypocaloric diet. RESULTS: Weight loss in the orlistat group was 7.4 kg vs. 4.9 kg with placebo. Total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased by 25-30 mg/dL vs. 10-15 mg/dL with placebo. Reduction of cholesterol with orlistat was significantly greater than anticipated from weight loss alone. In patients with cardiovascular risk factors entering the study with lower cholesterol values orlistat was also superior to placebo. On the contrary, reduction of cholesterol concentrations never exceeded 20%. CONCLUSION: Orlistat has a cholesterol lowering efficacy independent of its weight reducing effect. Because of the limited therapeutic effectiveness, patients at high cardiovascular risk should receive rather early additional cholesterol lowering medication during weight loss programmes.

Cholesterol lowering effect of jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) seed protein
Marfo, E. K., P. Wallace, et al. (1990), Gen Pharmacol 21(5): 753-7.
Abstract: 1. Feeding jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis) protein to hypercholesterolemic rats considerably lowered cholesterol levels in the experimental animals than when the animals were fed casein (control) diets. 2. The cholesterol levels in various components of test animals fed the Canavalia diet ranged from 53.3 +/- 1.7 to 74.8 +/- 3.4 mg/g (plasma); from 11.1 +/- 7.4 to 23.3 +/- 5.4 mg/g (liver); from 7.1 +/- 0.7 to 9.3 +/- 1.7 mg/g (kidney) and 1.9 +/- 0.3 to 3.2 +/- 0.6 mg/g (heart). 3. Total lipid levels estimated for the animals on the test diets ranged from 80.0 +/- 2.4 to 130.1 +/- 9.1 mg/g (plasma); from 19.1 +/- 3.4 to 28.5 +/- 1.1 mg/g (liver); from 17.0 +/- 4.1 to 23.0 +/- 6.0 mg/g (kidney) and from 13.2 +/- 4.0 to 18.0 +/- 2.5 mg/g (heart). 4. Total protein levels in plasma of experimental animals were not significantly different (P less than 0.05) after feeding the control or test diets.

Cholesterol lowering effect of metformin in combined hyperlipidemia: placebo controlled double blind trial
Pentikainen, P. J., E. Voutilainen, et al. (1990), Ann Med 22(5): 307-12.
Abstract: Metformin, an antidiabetic biguanide derivative, prevents experimental atherosclerosis and induces structural changes in lipoproteins in experimental animals. In the present study we investigated the effect of metformin on serum lipoproteins and platelet function in 24 non-diabetic patients with type II B hyperlipidemia. The patients were randomly given metformin in two dosage levels (1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day) and placebo for periods of nine weeks in a crossover trial. Metformin caused a dose dependent fall in the concentrations of total serum cholesterol and of LDL-cholesterol. The average concentration of total cholesterol was 8.54 +/- 0.22 (SE) mmol/l, 8.12 +/- 0.19 mmol/l and 7.79 +/- 0.15 mmol/l during placebo, metformin 1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day treatments, respectively. Both metformin values differed significantly (P less than 0.05) from the placebo value. Thus there was an average fall of 8.1% in total cholesterol after the higher metformin dose. LDL-cholesterol was 5.25 +/- 0.23 mmol/l after placebo, falling by 3.1% and 9.6% after metformin doses of 1.0 g/day and 2.0 g/day, respectively. The concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and total serum triglycerides showed no significant changes. Body weight, blood glucose, plasma insulin, blood lactate, platelet function and urinary excretion of prostanoids remained unchanged during the study. The reduction of total- and LDL-cholesterol levels may be a welcome additional consequence of metformin during treatment of diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Cholesterol lowering effect of SG-GN3, the extract of salted and fermented small shrimps, Acetes japonicus, in Triton WR-1339 or high cholesterol-diet induced hypercholesterolemic rats
Seok, S. H., J. H. Park, et al. (2004), J Ethnopharmacol 91(2-3): 231-5.
Abstract: The cholesterol lowering effect of SG-GN3, the extract of salted and fermented small shrimps, Acetes japonicus, was investigated in hypercholesterolemic animal models. Hypercholesterolemia was induced with Triton WR-1339 (nonionic detergent) or high cholesterol (HC)-diet. SG-GN3 significantly decreased total cholesterol (TC) in Triton WR-1339 model at 30 post-treatment hour (549.80 +/- 152.46 mg/dl) compared to the control which induced by only Triton WR-1339 (798.84 +/- 94.98 mg/dl), whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) content did not decrease (P < 0.05). In HC-diet model, TC content significantly decreased by SG-GN3 treatment at 3 post-treatment day (P < 0.05). These results suggest that SG-GN3 effectively decreased serum TC level in hypercholesterolemic animal models.

Cholesterol lowering effects of a choleretic phloracetophenone in hypercholesterolemic hamsters
Piyachaturawat, P., P. Srivoraphan, et al. (2002), Eur J Pharmacol 439(1-3): 141-7.
Abstract: The plasma cholesterol-lowering effect and mechanism thereof of a choleretic phloracetophenone or 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone (THA) were investigated in hypercholesterolemic male hamsters. Intragastric administration of THA (300-600 micromol/kg) twice a day for 7 days to these animals caused a dose- and time-dependent decrease in both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels. THA at a dose of 400 micromol/kg reduced the cholesterol and triglyceride levels in plasma to 52% and 25% of the level in corresponding cholesterol-fed controls, respectively, with decreases in both plasma very low density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein cholesterol but not in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. THA did not significantly alter total hepatic cholesterol content but significantly increased the excretion of both bile acids and cholesterol into the intestinal lumen for elimination. Corresponding to the increase in bile acid excretion, THA caused a seven-fold increase in hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity. These results suggest that THA exerts its cholesterol lowering effect by increasing hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity which increases hepatic conversion of cholesterol to bile acid for disposal via biliary secretion. This compound may have a potential for future development as a therapeutic agent for lowering lipids in hypercholesterolemic patients.

Cholesterol lowering effects of rhubarb stalk fiber in hypercholesterolemic men
Goel, V., B. Ooraikul, et al. (1997), J Am Coll Nutr 16(6): 600-604.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to examine the lipid lowering effects of rhubarb fiber prepared by blanching and drying fresh rhubarb stalks. The new fiber source contained 74% dietary fiber, on dry weight basis, with 66% insoluble and 8% soluble fiber. DESIGN: Ten hypercholesterolemic men were assigned to consume 27 g of ground rhubarb stalk fiber per day for 4 weeks. The dietary intake in terms of total energy, lipid and cholesterol was kept unaltered during the study period. Changes in serum lipid profile were monitored by obtaining blood samples before and after the fiber intervention. RESULTS: Rhubarb fiber supplementation resulted in significant lowering of serum total cholesterol (8%) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (9%), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) concentrations remained unchanged. The depressed total and LDL cholesterol levels returned to baseline after the fiber supplementation was withdrawn for 1 month. CONCLUSION: The rhubarb stalk fiber is effective in lowering serum cholesterol concentrations, especially LDL cholesterol, in hypercholesterolemic men. These results signify the potential use of underutilized rhubarb crop.

Cholesterol lowering in atherosclerosis
Brown, W. V. (2000), Am J Cardiol 86(4B): 29H-32H.
Abstract: Lipid-lowering with statins reduces disease progression, prevents myocardial infarction and other hard end points, and prolongs survival. Data from large-scale trials with these agents further show that lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in patients with coronary artery disease reduces the incidence of cardiovascular events and that the lower the LDL cholesterol achieved, the lower the event rate. Currently available evidence supports the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommendations for reduction of LDL-cholesterol levels to at least 100 mg/dL in patients with coronary artery disease. The Treating to New Targets study, which will evaluate the effects of LDL-cholesterol lowering to < or = 75 mg/dL with atorvastatin, may help clarify if additional benefit accrues with further reductions. However, up to 82% of patients with proven coronary disease are not even at the current NCEP lipid goal. Up to 55% need a > 30-mg/dL reduction in LDL cholesterol to reach that goal. These data suggest that many patients are not receiving a statin or are receiving an inadequate dose. Aggressive lipid lowering, although a desirable goal, does not yet appear to be standard practice.

Cholesterol lowering in coronary disease: a step in the right direction
Mathes, P. (1997), Eur Heart J 18(11): 1695-6.

Cholesterol lowering in diabetes. New evidence supports aggressive LDL-C targets
Rosenson, R. S. (2005), Postgrad Med 117(4): 17-20, 23-7.
Abstract: Recent guidelines for treating patients with diabetes categorize the disorder as a coronary heart disease (CHD) equivalent and urge aggressive treatment of modifiable risk factors, such as plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In this article, Dr Rosenson discusses the rationale for cholesterol lowering in patients with diabetes, the lipoprotein abnormalities that accompany insulin resistance, and the prognostic significance of high LDL particle numbers. He also highlights major findings from recent clinical trials to explore statin therapy and other treatment strategies for lowering lipoprotein levels in this patient population.

Cholesterol lowering in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice overexpressing apolipoprotein E
Osuga, J., M. Yonemoto, et al. (1998), J Clin Invest 102(2): 386-94.
Abstract: Apo E is a key molecule in the lipoprotein metabolism; thus, genetic manipulation of apo E may prove useful in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. To test the feasibility of this idea, we have generated low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout mice that overexpress the rat apo E transgene (ETg+/+:LDLRKO), and compared their plasma lipoprotein profiles with those of nonexpressing LDLR knockout mice (ETg-/-:LDLRKO). On a normal chow diet, the mean plasma cholesterol level of ETg+/+:LDLRKO mice was significantly lower than that of ETg-/-:LDLRKO mice (189 versus 240 mg/dl, P < 0. 01). The LDL fraction was selectively reduced in the ETg+/+:LDLRKO mice. Despite the challenge with an atherogenic diet, cholesterol lowering was persistently observed and fatty streak lesions in the aortic sinus were significantly suppressed in the mice overexpressing apo E. These results imply that stimulation of hepatic production of apo E may be used as a promising adjunctive therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia.

Cholesterol Articles and Abstracts

Cholesterol Journal Articles