| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Coffee and serum cholesterol Strubelt, O. (1990), Dtsch Med Wochenschr 115(44): 1695. |
| Coffee consumption and serum cholesterol. GISSI-EFRIM Study Group D'Avanzo, B., L. Santoro, et al. (1993), Prev Med 22(2): 219-24. Abstract: The relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol was examined in the comparison group of a case-control study of myocardial infarction involving 642 patients from various Italian regions who were hospitalized for diseases having no relationship to cardiovascular disease risk factors. Overall mean total cholesterol was 198.9 mg/dl. Mean cholesterol values (in mg/dl) standardized for age, sex, and smoking habits were 204.0 for nonconsumers of coffee, 194.8 for drinkers of one cup per day, 196.5 for two, 202.9 for three, 205.9 for four, and 206.5 for five or more cups per day. Thus, serum cholesterol levels were higher in non-coffee drinkers than in moderate drinkers; among coffee drinkers, however, there was a direct, although moderate, relationship between the amount of coffee consumed and the total cholesterol levels. A similar though less consistent pattern was also evident across separate strata of sex, age, and smoking habits, and the association was appreciably greater among younger subjects (below age 50). Although mean cholesterol levels in this Italian dataset were lower than those in other populations from northern Europe and the United States, the relative difference between moderate and heavy drinkers was proportionally similar to that reported in other studies. These results are of special interest since most Italian coffee (i.e., mocha or espresso) is unfiltered. |
| Coffee consumption, alcohol use, and cigarette smoking as determinants of serum total and HDL cholesterol in two Serbian cohorts of the Seven Countries Study Jansen, D. F., S. Nedeljkovic, et al. (1995), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15(11): 1793-7. Abstract: The associations between serum total and HDL cholesterol and three lifestyle factors--consumption of Turkish coffee, consumption of alcohol, and cigarette smoking--were examined in two Serbian cohorts of the Seven Countries Study. In 1988 and 1989, 319 men from Zrenjanin and Belgrade, 65 to 84 years old and free of myocardial infraction, participated. The men from Zrenjanin were originally working in a large cooperative, and the men from Belgrade were faculty members of the university. HDL cholesterol, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking were significantly higher in Zrenjanin than in Belgrade. Serum total cholesterol levels and coffee consumption were not different. ANCOVA showed that serum total cholesterol levels were 8.2% higher (P <.05) in men consuming two small cups of coffee per day compared with abstainers, and this was also seen after adjustment for cigarette smoking, age, body mass index, cohort, and alcohol consumption. In men consuming one or more alcoholic drinks per day (more than 10 g/d alcohol), HDL cholesterol levels were increased by 0.19 mmol/L (15.4%) compared with men consuming no alcohol (P <.001). This association was stronger in the Zrenjanin cohort than in the Belgrade cohort (P <.05). Smoking was not associated with total cholesterol or with HDL cholesterol levels. In Serbian men, boiled Turkish coffee and alcohol consumption are independently associated with serum total and HDL cholesterol levels, respectively. |
| Coffee drinking and blood cholesterol: a relationship or a confusion? Garcia-Closas, R., L. Ribas, et al. (1996), Med Clin (Barc) 107(12): 477-8. |
| Coffee drinking and blood cholesterol--effects of brewing method, food intake and life style Lindahl, B., I. Johansson, et al. (1991), J Intern Med 230(4): 299-305. Abstract: The strongest correlations between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol levels have been found in countries where people drink coffee brewed by mixing coffee grounds directly in boiling water (boiled coffee). In the present study of a population-based sample of 1625 middle-aged subjects (the Northern Sweden MONICA Study), approximately 50% of the participants were drinking boiled coffee, and 50% were drinking filtered coffee. Consumers of boiled coffee had significantly higher serum cholesterol levels than consumers of filtered coffee. Subjects who drank boiled coffee reported a higher intake of fat. A linear multiple regression analysis with serum cholesterol as the dependent variable confirmed that boiled coffee was an important independent determinant of cholesterol levels. We conclude that subjects who drink boiled coffee have higher serum cholesterol levels than those who drink filtered coffee, and that the most likely explanation for this finding lies in the type of brewing method. |
| Coffee drinking and risk of coronary heart disease. Cholesterol concentration may have been within natural fluctuations Gurr, M. I. (1997), Bmj 314(7081): 680. |
| Coffee oil consumption does not affect serum cholesterol in rhesus and cebus monkeys Terpstra, A. H., M. B. Katan, et al. (1995), J Nutr 125(9): 2301-6. Abstract: Oil from coffee beans contains the diterpenes cafestol and kahweol, which greatly elevate cholesterol in humans. Consumption of 0.03 g coffee oil (0.86 mg cafestol and 1.04 mg kahweol)/kg body wt raised serum cholesterol by 1.27 mmol/L in volunteers. We fed coffee oil from this same batch to cebus and rhesus monkeys. Two groups of eight cebus monkeys were fed a purified diet containing 0.5% coffee oil or placebo oil (sunflower plus palm oil, 3:2, wt/wt) for 2 x seven and a half weeks in a crossover design. The daily intake of the coffee oil was 0.18 g (5.13 mg cafestol and 6.21 mg kahweol)/kg body wt, or sixfold that in the human study. Coffee oil did not affect plasma cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations compared with the placebo oil. Two groups of three rhesus monkeys were fed a commercial diet containing either 0.5% coffee oil or 0.5% placebo oil for 2 x 6 wk in a crossover design. The daily intake of coffee oil was 0.20 g (5.70 mg cafestol and 6.90 mg kahweol)/kg body wt. Again, there was no effect of coffee oil on plasma cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Contrary to the findings in human studies, coffee oil had no impact on plasma alanine aminotransferase activity in nonhuman primates. The cholesterol-raising effect of diterpenes from coffee oil, present in boiled coffee, seems to be specific for human primates. |
| Coffee, caffeine, cholesterol, cardiologists and confusion Beamish, R. E. (1990), Can J Cardiol 6(3): 93-4. |
| Coffee, cholesterol, and coronary heart disease Thelle, D. S. (1991), Bmj 302(6780): 804. |
| Cohort study of serum total cholesterol and in-hospital incidence of infectious diseases Iribarren, C., D. R. Jacobs, Jr., et al. (1998), Epidemiol Infect 121(2): 335-47. Abstract: A multiethnic cohort of adult members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program (55300 men and 65271 women) was followed for 15 years (1979-93) to assess the association between total cholesterol and risk of infections (other than respiratory and HIV) diagnosed in the in-patient setting. Using multivariate Cox regression, total cholesterol was inversely and significantly related to urinary tract, venereal, musculo-skeletal, and all infections among men; and to urinary tract, all genito-urinary, septicaemia or bacteraemia, miscellaneous viral site unspecified, and all infections among women. The reduction of risk of all infections associated with a 1 S.D. increase in total cholesterol was 8% in both men (95% CI, 4-12 %) and women (95% CI, 5-11%). For urinary tract infections among men, as for septicaemia or bacteraemia and nervous system infections among women, the risk relation was restricted to persons aged 55-89 years. Nervous system infections were positively related to total cholesterol among women aged 25-54. In both genders, the significant inverse association with all infections persisted after excluding the first 5 years of follow-up. Collectively, these data are suggestive of an inverse association, although not entirely consistent, between total cholesterol and incidence of infections either requiring hospitalization or acquired in the hospital. Further research is needed to elucidate whether these associations are biologically plausible or represent uncontrolled confounding by unmeasured risk factors. |
| Coincidence of genetic loci for plasma cholesterol levels and obesity in a multifactorial mouse model Warden, C. H., J. S. Fisler, et al. (1993), J Clin Invest 92(2): 773-9. Abstract: We have examined backcross progeny derived from a cross of Mus spretus with C57BL/6J, that range from 1 to 50% carcass lipid (n = 215), and from 22 to 130 mg/dl plasma total cholesterol (n = 238). Statistical analysis revealed that distal mouse chromosome 7 exhibits significant linkage both to plasma total cholesterol (likelihood of the odds LOD 5.8) and to carcass lipid (LOD 3.8). A locus on chromosome 6 also shows significant linkage to plasma total cholesterol (LOD 5.6), but no linkage to carcass lipid. Neither chromosomal region contains any previously mapped genes likely to influence lipoprotein metabolism, indicating that novel genetic factors contributing to plasma lipoprotein levels have been identified. |
| Cold climate is an important factor in explaining regional differences in coronary mortality even if serum cholesterol and other established risk factors are taken into account Gyllerup, S., J. Lanke, et al. (1993), Scott Med J 38(6): 169-72. Abstract: Earlier studies have shown a strong regional association between cold climate and coronary mortality in Sweden and that coronary mortality is more strongly associated with cold climate than with other explanatory factors such as drinking water hardness, socioeconomic factors, tobacco and sales of butter. To examine the joint impact of these factors and to investigate regional differences in serum cholesterol and their relation to cold climate and coronary mortality, regression analyses were performed with 259 municipalities in Sweden as units. Mortality from acute myocardial infarction in men aged 40-64 during 1975-1984 was used as the dependent variable. A cold index was calculated, this index and the above mentioned factors were used as explanatory variables. The main results were: Cold index was the strongest factor when introduced into a multiple regression model. Four other strong factors had to be used to obtain the same explanatory strength as cold index did alone, and even when introduced as the last factor, cold index increased the coefficient of determination substantially. In a subsample of 37 municipalities, serum cholesterol was not significantly associated with coronary mortality. However, there was a significant correlation between cold index and serum cholesterol. |
| Cold-induced increases in erythrocyte count, plasma cholesterol and plasma fibrinogen of elderly people without a comparable rise in protein C or factor X Neild, P. J., D. Syndercombe-Court, et al. (1994), Clin Sci (Lond) 86(1): 43-8. Abstract: 1. Six elderly (66-71 years) and six young (20-23 years) subjects (half of each group women) were cooled for 2 h in moving air at 18 degrees C to investigate possible causes of increased mortality from arterial thrombosis among elderly people in cold weather. Compared with thermoneutral control experiments, skin temperature (trunk) fell from 35.5 to 29.5 degrees C, with little change in core temperature. 2. Erythrocyte count rose in the cold from 4.29 to 4.69 x 10(12)/l, without a change in mean corpuscular volume, indicating a 14% or 438 ml decline in plasma volume; increased excretion of water, Na+ and K+ accounted for loss of only 179 ml of extracellular water. 3. Plasma cholesterol and fibrinogen concentrations rose in the elderly subjects from 4.90 mmol/l and 2.97 g/l (control) to 5.45 mmol/l and 3.39 g/l in the cold, and in the young subjects from 3.33 mmol/l and 1.84 g/l (control) to 3.77 mmol/l and 2.07 g/l in the cold. Increases were significant for the elderly subjects, the young subjects and the group as a whole, except for cholesterol in the young subjects, and all were close to those expected from the fall in plasma volume. 4. Plasma levels of Protein C and factor X did not increase significantly in the cold in the elderly subjects, young subjects, or the group as a whole. 5. The results suggest that loss of plasma fluid in the cold concentrates major risk factors for arterial thrombosis, while small molecules, including protective Protein C, redistribute to interstitial fluid. |
| Colesevelam hydrochloride: a non-absorbed, polymeric cholesterol-lowering agent Davidson, M. H., M. R. Dicklin, et al. (2000), Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9(11): 2663-71. Abstract: Colesevelam hydrochloride (formerly known as Cholestagel((R)) and re-named WelCholtrade mark, GelTex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Sankyo Parke-Davis) is a new, polymeric, high potency, water-absorbing hydrogel. It has been shown to be a safe and effective cholesterol-lowering agent with a non-systemic mechanism of action, good tolerability and minimal side effects. To date, the lipid-lowering activity of colesevelam has been evaluated in approximately 1400 subjects. Colesevelam reduces low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, in a dose-dependent manner, by as much as 20% (median) in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Dosing regimen evaluations indicate that colesevelam is effective at both once per day and twice daily dosing and that concurrent administration of colesevelam with hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), specifically lovastatin, does not alter the absorption of the statin. Combination therapy with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, including lovastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin, produces an additional reduction (8 - 16%) in LDL-cholesterol levels above that seen with the statin alone. The overall incidence of adverse effects with colesevelam alone and in combination with statins is comparable with that seen with placebo. Colesevelam lacks the constipating effect seen with typical bile acid sequestrants, a trait that would be expected to improve compliance with lipid-lowering therapy. Colesevelam, recently approved by the US FDA, represents a valuable non-absorbed alternative in the armamentarium against hypercholesterolaemia, both for monotherapy and combination therapy, as an adjunct to diet and exercise. |
| Collagen characteristics and organization during the progression of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in Japanese quail Velleman, S. G., R. J. McCormick, et al. (2001), Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 226(4): 328-33. Abstract: This study reports the concentration of collagen and its hydroxypyridinoline crosslinks, collagen fibril organization in the dorsal aortas, and systolic blood pressure during the progression of atherosclerosis in Japanese quail selected for cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The quail were placed on either a control or 0.5% cholesterol-added diet at approximately 16 weeks of age. The concentration of total collagen did not change in the control arteries during the course of the study, whereas at 5 and 10 weeks of cholesterol feeding, collagen levels decreased in the cholesterol-fed birds. Hydroxypyridinoline concentration increased during the duration of the study in the cholesterol-fed birds and by 15 and 20 weeks of cholesterol feeding, levels were significantly increased over those observed in the control arteries. Transmission electron microscopy showed changes in the organization of collagen fibrils. Increased systolic blood pressure was noted beginning at 10 weeks of cholesterol feeding, which is suggestive of other systemic changes induced by hypercholesterolemia. These results demonstrated remodeling of the collagen component of the dorsal aorta extracellular matrix during the progression of atherosclerosis and are suggestive of other systemic cardiovascular system changes. |
| Collagenolytic activity in experimental atherosclerosis induced in rabbits fed a cholesterol-rich diet Grabowska-Bochenek, R., M. Drozdz, et al. (1992), Acta Biochim Pol 39(1): 27-31. |
| Collagen-stimulated unidirectional translocation of cholesterol in human platelet membranes Boesze-Battaglia, K. and R. J. Schimmel (1999), J Exp Biol 202(Pt 4): 453-60. Abstract: When human platelets are stimulated with collagen or thrombin, the asymmetric distribution of membrane lipids is disrupted as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine translocate from the inner monolayer to the outer monolayer. Coincident with the stimulus-dependent rearrangement of membrane phospholipids is a rapid redistribution of cholesterol from the outer to the inner membrane monolayer. This redistribution of cholesterol was observed when the stimulus was collagen or ADP. The data presented here show that epinephrine stimulation does not promote cholesterol translocation but does potentiate collagen-promoted movement of cholesterol. To investigate the process of cholesterol translocation, experiments were performed to determine whether collagen stimulated reverse cholesterol movement; i.e. from the inner to the outer monolayer. For this study, the fluorescent sterol cholestatrienol (C-3) was incorporated into platelet membranes by exchange from cholesterol-containing phosphatidylcholine small unilamellar vesicles. C-3 was then removed selectively from the outer monolayer by treatment of the platelets with bovine serum albumin (BSA). During the subsequent incubation of BSA-treated platelets, C-3 moved spontaneously into the outer from the inner monolayer. This translocation had an apparent half-time of approximately 25 min and was unaltered by the presence of collagen. These results suggest that collagen treatment of platelets selectively facilitates the inward movement of the sterol. We have hypothesized that cholesterol translocation may be thermodynamically driven as a result of an unfavorable entropy, resulting in cholesterol translocation out of an environment becoming enriched in phosphatidylethanolamine. The unidirectional nature of collagen-promoted cholesterol movement from the phosphatidylethanolamine-rich outer monolayer is consistent with this interpretation. |
| College of American Pathologists-Centers for Disease Control collaborative study for evaluating reference materials for total serum cholesterol measurements Myers, G. L., D. Schap, et al. (1990), Arch Pathol Lab Med 114(12): 1199-205. Abstract: Several recent studies to evaluate the performance of laboratory instruments have shown that with some instrument systems processed (lyophilized, frozen, and stabilized) materials exhibit matrix effects that cause the assay for cholesterol to respond differently for them than for patient specimens. To understand this phenomenon better the College of American Pathologists, Northfield, III, and the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Ga, have conducted a collaborative study with 44 laboratories where 16 instruments manufactured by nine companies are evaluated. The purposes were to assess measurement variation on several reference materials used for standardizing total cholesterol measurements and to evaluate a new stabilized liquid serum as a potential reference material. Lypophilized, frozen, fresh-frozen, and stabilized materials at three concentrations were measured for total cholesterol. The results show that the average coefficient of variation of measured total cholesterol for all instruments, laboratories, vials, and replicates is 3.6% to 4.1% for each of the materials measured (excluding the results for one instrument). For one instrument, however, significant bias was found on the stabilized liquid serum material. Results from the fresh-frozen materials indicate that the instrument systems evaluated allow laboratories to attain the National Cholesterol Education Program analytical performance goals. |
| Colocalization of cholesterol and hydroxyapatite in human atherosclerotic lesions Hirsch, D., R. Azoury, et al. (1993), Calcif Tissue Int 52(2): 94-8. Abstract: Cholesterol and calcium phosphate, the latter in the form of hydroxyapatite, accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions. In this report, we demonstrate that these organic and inorganic constituents of lesions can accumulate together, closely associated in crystal agglomerates. Using the fluorescent cholesterol probe, filipin, we identified unesterified cholesterol that was associated with calcium granules in tissue sections of lesions. We also have shown that small crystallites of cholesterol can associate with preformed hydroxyapatite crystals in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated the physical association of many small crystallites of cholesterol with larger crystals of hydroxyapatite. These small crystallites of cholesterol associated with hydroxyapatite stained with filipin. This contrasted with the lack of filipin staining of unassociated larger cholesterol crystals or hydroxyapatite alone. How cholesterol and calcium come to be closely associated in crystal agglomerates within atherosclerotic lesions remains to be determined. |
| Co-localization of cholesterol, apolipoprotein E and fibrillar Abeta in amyloid plaques Burns, M. P., W. J. Noble, et al. (2003), Brain Res Mol Brain Res 110(1): 119-25. Abstract: Recent evidence strongly suggests a role for cholesterol and apolipoprotein E in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. We have demonstrated the co-localization of cholesterol and apolipoprotein E with beta-amyloid immunoreactivity and thioflavin S immunofluorescence in AD type plaques of a transgenic mouse model. Cholesterol and apolipoprotein E co-localized to the core of thioflavin S-positive (fibrillar) plaques, but not thioflavin S-negative (diffuse) plaques from an early age. By 18 months of age, there was extensive coverage of fibrillar plaques immunopositive for apolipoprotein E and cholesterol oxidase. These findings support evidence that cholesterol and apolipoprotein E are involved in fibrillar plaque formation or maintenance, and suggest that cholesterol may impact amyloid formation extracellularly, as well as through an intracellular effect. |