| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Effect of skim milk on cholesterol induced blood platelet hyperaggregability in rabbit Aggarwal, R. A. and V. K. Kansal (1991), Indian J Med Res 94: 147-50. Abstract: Effect of high cholesterol diet on blood platelet aggregation, and the influence of skim milk on cholesterol induced platelet hyperaggregability were studied in rabbits. The level of aggregated platelets (AP) increased to 19900/mm3 and that of plasma cholesterol to 1605mg/dl, while platelet aggregate ratio (PAR) decreased to 0.32 in rabbits fed high cholesterol diet (0.5% cholesterol) for 12 wk. The levels of AP (12500/mm3) and plasma cholesterol (1196mg/dl) were lower, and the PAR (0.46) was higher in rabbits which received the cholesterol diet supplemented with 16 per cent skim milk powder. In the second experiment, hypercholesterolaemia and platelet aggregation were induced in rabbits by high cholesterol diet given for 6 wk. The animals then received cholesterol-free diets for 8 wk, one group receiving the diet supplemented with 16 per cent skim milk powder and the other without milk served as the control group. The mean PAR in the milk powder supplemented group was restored to normal at 6 wk, while in the control group the level continued to be lower even up to 8 wk. The results thus demonstrate that the milk can prevent the process of cholesterol induced platelet aggregation. |
| Effect of skim milk on progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits Aggarwal, R. A. and V. K. Kansal (1992), Indian J Med Res 96: 53-9. Abstract: Effect of skim milk on progression of atherosclerosis was studied in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Rabbits were given a high cholesterol food (0.5%) with skim milk powder (16%) or no milk (control group). At 12 wk, the plasma cholesterol level was significantly higher in the control group (1605 mg/d1) than in the milk-fed group (1146 mg/d1). The contents of esterified cholesterol and elastin in the aorta were higher in the control group than in the milk-fed group by 28 an 94 per cent, respectively. The differences between the two groups in the contents of aortic triacylglycerols, mucopolysaccharides, collagen and unesterified cholesterol were not significant. The difference in sudanophilic area in the aorta between the control (35%) and the milk-fed groups (31%) was not significant. However, intimal proliferation and medial involvement in the aortic lesions were more severe in the control group. These findings suggest that skim milk can slow down the process of cholesterol induced atherogenesis. |
| Effect of skim milk supplementation on blood cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and triglycerides in a free-living human population Buonopane, G. J., A. Kilara, et al. (1992), J Am Coll Nutr 11(1): 56-67. Abstract: In 82 subjects, aged 21-73, we studied the effect of skim milk supplementation on serum cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and serum triglyceride level. The study involved a 1-week pretreatment baseline period followed by 8 weeks of milk supplementation. Sixty-four people were designated to a test group and 18 people were placed in a seasonal index group. The study was designed as a free-living trial, i.e., participants were requested to maintain their normal lifestyles, including dietary pattern, except for the supplementation of one quart of 2% solids-not-fat fortified skim milk to the daily diet in the test group. Supplemental milk treatment was associated with a 6.6% reduction (p = 0.0004) of serum cholesterol in the high cholesterol (greater than or equal to 190 mg/dl) test subgroup within the first 4 weeks. No change was noted in serum cholesterol in the low-cholesterol (less than 190 mg/dl) subgroup throughout the study. Body weight and seasonal variation of blood cholesterol did not significantly influence serum cholesterol levels. Reduction (p = 0.0140) in percentage of calories from fat in the high-cholesterol subgroup was not correlated with the decrease in serum cholesterol in this test subgroup. Reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure occurred in the test subgroups; the low-cholesterol subgroup had a greater reduction (p = 0.0002) in diastolic blood pressure than the high-cholesterol group (p = 0.0049). Milk supplementation was associated with reduction (p = 0.0370) in serum triglycerides in the high-cholesterol subgroup. |
| Effect of SMP-500, a novel ACAT inhibitor, on hepatic cholesterol disposition in rats Ioriya, K., T. Nishimura, et al. (2002), Lipids 37(4): 395-400. Abstract: The effects of SMP-500, a novel ACAT inhibitor, on serum lipid levels, hepatic lipid secretion rate, and hepatic lipid disposition in rats were studied to clarify its lipid-lowering action. SMP-500 reduced the serum cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. SMP-500 also reduced hepatic free cholesterol content in addition to hepatic total and esterified cholesterol contents. Biliary concentrations of cholesterol and bile acid were increased by SMP-500; however, the bile flow and lithogenic index were not affected. SMP-500 increased cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase mRNA level. Therefore, it is suggested that the increase in concentrations of cholesterol and bile acid in bile is due to both the increase of bile acid production through the increase of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and the decrease of hepatic free cholesterol content. An inhibitory effect of SMP-500 both on the cholesterol secretion and on the TG secretion from liver was observed. SMP-500 reduced the serum TG level in sucrose-fed rats. From these results, one may hypothesize that the suppression of hepatic VLDL secretion probably plays an important role on both cholesterol- and TG-lowering effects of SMP-500. |
| Effect of SMP-500, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on serum cholesterol level and LDL cholesterol clearance in hamsters with induced hyperlipidemia Ioriya, K., K. Kino, et al. (2002), Pharmacology 66(2): 107-14. Abstract: The effect of SMP-500, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, on serum cholesterol levels was investigated in hyperlipidemic hamsters whose condition had been preestablished by diet. SMP-500 reduced the total serum cholesterol level in a dose-dependent manner. SMP-500 also reduced the hepatic free cholesterol content and markedly reduced the esterified cholesterol content compared with the control group. Interestingly, SMP-500 at a dose of 30 mg/kg increased LDL clearance in vivo. As SMP-500 at this dose potently lowered the total serum cholesterol level, the increased LDL clearance was identified as another mechanism for the cholesterol-lowering effect of SMP-500. However, unlike HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, SMP-500 did not affect cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells. Therefore the etiology of the increased LDL clearance is not yet clear, but the reduced hepatic free cholesterol may play an important role in this process. These results suggest that the cholesterol-lowering effect of SMP-500 is due, not only to the inhibition of ACAT, but also to the increase in cholesterol clearance from the blood. This finding supports the therapeutic potential of SMP-500 for the treatment of human hypercholesterolemia. |
| Effect of SMP-500, a novel acyl-coA:cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor, on the cholesterol esterification and its hypocholesterolemic properties Ioriya, K., T. Noguchi, et al. (2002), Pharmacology 65(1): 18-25. Abstract: We investigated the effects of SMP-500, a novel acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor, on ACAT activities in the liver and intestine, and in macrophages. We measured its effects on the serum cholesterol levels and hepatic cholesterol content in mice, rabbits and hamsters. SMP-500 inhibited ACAT activities in rabbit liver and small intestine microsomes with IC(50) values of 72 and 84 nmol/l, respectively, and acted as a competitive inhibitor of rabbit liver ACAT. SMP-500 potently inhibited cholesterol esterification in rat peritoneal macrophages (IC(50) = 15 nmol/l). In high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-fed mice and in high-cholesterol diet-fed rabbits, SMP-500 reduced the serum cholesterol levels and the hepatic cholesterol content. SMP-500 also reduced the serum and hepatic cholesterol in normal chow-fed hamsters in a dose-dependent manner. In all the animal models, SMP-500 reduced the hepatic free cholesterol content as well as the total and esterified cholesterol. Administered orally, SMP-500 had a direct inhibitory effect on hepatic ACAT activity. These results indicate that SMP-500 is a potent and competitive ACAT inhibitor and may have a therapeutic potential for treating hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. |
| Effect of sodium citrate on the rate of cholesterol esterification and formation of primary lipid peroxidation products in human blood. Are both of these processes connected? Nikiforova, A. A., A. A. Kuz'min, et al. (1995), Biull Eksp Biol Med 120(9): 323-5. |
| Effect of soluble dietary fibers on cholesterol metabolism in hyperlipidemic patients Khakimova, L. K., A. I. Gorshkov, et al. (1997), Vopr Pitan(4): 35-8. Abstract: Therapeutic effectivity of new extrusion products "Jantar" have been studied. These products include 10% of dietary fiber gumarabic. It was shown that consumption of products "Jantar" caused a 18.1, 23.2, 16 and 16.3% decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, tryglicerols and apoprotein B respectively. A decreasing body mass index and hypoglycamic effect also have been observed. Thus, extrusion products "Jantar" may be recommended for diet therapy of hypercholesterolemia, obesity and diabetus melitus. |
| Effect of soy protein diet versus standard low fat, low cholesterol diet on lipid and lipoprotein levels in children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia Widhalm, K., G. Brazda, et al. (1993), J Pediatr 123(1): 30-4. Abstract: The effect on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels of a standard low fat, low cholesterol diet was compared with that of a soy protein-substituted low fat, low cholesterol diet in 23 children with familial or polygenic hypercholesterolemia: 12 boys and 11 girls (mean age, 9.3 +/- 4.5 years) were included in this outpatient program. Group 1 received the soy protein diet for 8 weeks; group 2 received the low fat, low cholesterol diet. After an interruption of 8 weeks, each group was placed on the alternate regimen. Fasting blood samples were collected at the beginning of each dietary period. During the soy protein diet, the levels of total cholesterol decreased by 16% in group 1 and 18% in group 2, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels decreased about 22% in group 1 and 25% in group 2. During the standard low fat, low cholesterol diet, total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were reduced by 8% and 7% in group 1 and by 12% and 13%, respectively, in group 2. The effect on LDL-C was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the soy protein group than in the low fat, low cholesterol group. We conclude that a diet substituting soy protein for animal protein has a more beneficial short-term effect on total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in children with hypercholesterolemia than a standard low fat diet. |
| Effect of splitting simvastatin tablets for control of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol Parra, D., N. P. Beckey, et al. (2005), Am J Cardiol 95(12): 1481-3. Abstract: The efficacy, safety, and economics of a voluntary conversion from whole simvastatin tablets to split tablets in 6 Veterans Affairs medical centers were retrospectively evaluated in 3,787 patients who received a consistent daily dose (5 to 40 mg) of simvastatin in 1999. Baseline and final low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and average change from baseline were not significantly different between groups (p >0.05), nor were the incidence of transaminase increases (p >0.05) or measurements of patient compliance (p = 0.07). Widespread implementation of this initiative resulted in a cost avoidance of >$1.2 million in the 6 medical centers and $10.3 million across the Veterans Affairs medical system in 1999, with >$46 million avoided in 2003. |
| Effect of squalene and shark liver oil on serum cholesterol level in hamsters Zhang, Z., W. K. Yeung, et al. (2002), Int J Food Sci Nutr 53(5): 411-8. Abstract: Squalene (SQ) and shark liver oil (SLO) are popularly sold as health supplements. The present study was designed to test the hypercholesterolemic activities of pure SQ and SLO in hamsters. SQ was supplemented in diets at the levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5% while SLO was added in the diet at 0.05% by weight. When compared with the control group, serum total cholesterol (TC) was elevated by 32% in the 0.05%SQ group, by 23% in the 0.10%SQ group, by 35% in the 0.5%SQ group and by 19% in the 0.05%SLO group, respectively. The similar trend was observed for serum triglycerides (TG). SQ or SLO feeding also elevated hepatic cholesterol by 97-133% in the four tested groups compared with the control hamsters. In addition, supplementations of SQ and SLO in diets caused significant accumulation of SQ in the liver and adipose tissue. The present results suggest that SQ and SLO are hypercholesterolemic at least in hamsters. Caution has to be taken when SQ or SLO are routinely consumed as health supplements. |
| Effect of squalene synthase inhibition on the expression of hepatic cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes, LDL receptor, and cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase Ness, G. C., Z. Zhao, et al. (1994), Arch Biochem Biophys 311(2): 277-85. Abstract: Squalene synthase catalyzes the committed step in the biosynthesis of sterols. Treating rats with zaragozic acid A, a potent inhibitor of squalene synthase, caused marked increases in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) synthase, HMG-CoA reductase, squalene synthase, and LDL receptor mRNA levels. The increase in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA fully accounted for the increases seen in enzyme protein and activity. Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase mRNA and activity were only slightly increased by zaragozic acid A, while cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase mRNA levels were decreased substantially. When rats were pretreated with zaragozic acid A, there was no change in mRNA levels for the cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes or cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase upon subsequent treatment with mevalonolactone. Under these same conditions, the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA reductase was also unaffected. Mevalonolactone treatment reduced the zaragozic acid A-mediated increase in hepatic LDL receptor mRNA levels. Feeding cholesterol eliminated the zaragozic acid A-induced increase in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA levels. These results suggest that inhibition of squalene synthase decreases the level of a squalene-derived regulatory product, resulting in altered amounts of several mRNAs and coordinate increases in HMG-CoA reductase mRNA, protein, and activity. The increase in HMG-CoA reductase gene expression was closely related to the degree of inhibition of cholesterol synthesis caused by zaragozic acid A. |
| Effect of statin therapy on remnant lipoprotein cholesterol levels in patients with combined hyperlipidemia Stein, D. T., S. Devaraj, et al. (2001), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21(12): 2026-31. Abstract: Clinical trials with statins have demonstrated significant reductions in cardiovascular events. Remnant lipoproteins are independent predictors of cardiovascular events. Because of the paucity of data on the effect of statins on remnant lipoproteins, we tested the effect of pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin on remnant lipoprotein cholesterol (RLP-C) levels in a randomized crossover study in patients with combined hyperlipidemia. After a 6-week diet phase, patients (n=22) were randomized to pravastatin (40 mg/d), simvastatin (20 mg/d), or atorvastatin (10 mg/d) for 6 weeks, with a 3-week washout between each drug. All 3 drugs significantly decreased total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P<0.001). Mean reduction in LDL cholesterol with pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin was 21%, 29%, and 32%, respectively. None of the drugs affected high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Median levels of triglycerides were significantly reduced with simvastatin (26%, P=0.001) and atorvastatin (24%, P=0.0001) but not with pravastatin (9%, P=0.18). Non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly with all 3 statins (20%, 29%, and 32% with pravastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin, respectively; P<0.001). Median RLP-C levels were significantly reduced with simvastatin (6%, P<0.05) and atorvastatin (25.9%, P<0.001) but not with pravastatin (2.9%, P=0.58). Thus, atorvastatin and simvastatin, in addition to reducing LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, significantly reduced RLP-C levels. This could be another potential mechanism to explain their cardiovascular benefits. |
| Effect of steroid withdrawal on hypertension and cholesterol levels in living related recipients Pirsch, J. D., M. J. Armbrust, et al. (1991), Transplant Proc 23(1 Pt 2): 1363-4. |
| Effect of sterol biosynthesis inhibitor, SSF-109, on cholesterol synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes Seo, S., K. Tonda, et al. (1993), Steroids 58(2): 74-8. Abstract: The inhibitory effect of SSF-109 on cholesterol synthesis in isolated hepatocytes was studied using a radio-high-performance liquid chromatography system, and the results were compared with those of other inhibitors, triparanol and AMO-1618. SSF-109 caused accumulation of two trimethylsterols: lanosterol and 24-dihydrolanosterol. The distribution profile of 2-14Cmevalonate-originated radioactivity in cholesterol, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, 2,3-oxidosqualene, and squalene indicates that SSF-109 inhibits the 14 alpha-methyl demethylase activity. Triparanol accumulated the radioactivity of 2-14Cmevalonate in desmosterol and 2,3-oxidosqualene suggesting that triparanol inhibits sterol delta 24-reductase and 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase. AMO-1618 caused enrichment of the radioisotope from 2-14Cmevalonate in 2,3-oxidosqualene but reduced it in squalene, suggesting that AMO-1618 acts on 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase and some enzyme that catalizes a metabolic pathway between mevalonate and squalene. |
| Effect of structure and form on the ability of plant sterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption in hamsters Meijer, G. W., M. A. Bressers, et al. (2003), Lipids 38(7): 713-21. Abstract: We investigated the effect of three types of plant sterols (4-desmethylsterols, 4,4'-dimethylsterols, and pentacyclic triterpene alcohols) in three forms (free, esterified with FA, or with phenolic acids) on cholesterol absorption. Plant sterol fractions derived from soybean (99% 4-desmethylsterols), rice bran (70% 4,4'-dimethylsterols), or shea nut (89% pentacyclic triterpene alcohols) were fed to male hamsters (n = 20/group) as free sterols or esterified with FA or phenolic acids (cinnamic or ferulic). Cholesterol absorption was measured after 5-8.5 (mean, 7) wk by a dual-isotope technique. Soybean sterol intake significantly reduced cholesterol absorption efficiency (23%) and plasma total cholesterol (11%). Rice bran sterols tended to lower cholesterol absorption efficiency by 7% and plasma total cholesterol by 5%, whereas shea nut sterols had no effect. In hamsters, dietary 4-desmethylsterols were more effective than 4,4'-dimethylsterols in lowering cholesterol absorption and levels of cholesterol in blood. Pentacyclic triterpene alcohols had no effect on the absorption of cholesterol or on its level in blood. Esterification with FA did not impair the ability of 4-desmethylsterols and 4,4'-dimethylsterols to inhibit cholesterol absorption, whereas esterification with phenolic acids reduced this ability. This study supports the use of 4-desmethylsterols, esterified with FA to increase solubility, as the most effective cholesterol-lowering plant sterols in the diet. |
| Effect of supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness in a controlled clinical trial of cholesterol lowering Azen, S. P., D. Qian, et al. (1996), Circulation 94(10): 2369-72. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is accumulating experimental, epidemiological, and clinical evidence of an association between anti-oxidant vitamin intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Using data from the Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study (CLAS), we explored the association of self-selected supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on the rate of progression of early preintrusive atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: CLAS was an arterial imaging trial in which nonsmoking 40- to 59-year-old men with previous coronary artery bypass graft surgery were randomized to colestipol/niacin plus diet or placebo plus diet. The rate of progression of early preintrusive atherosclerosis was determined in 146 subjects using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound quantification of the distal common carotid artery far wall intima-media thickness (IMT). From the nutritional supplement database, 22 subjects had an on-trial average supplementary vitamin E intake of > or = 100 IU per day (high users) and 29 subjects had an average on-trial supplementary vitamin C intake of > or = 250 mg per day (high users). Within the placebo group, less carotid IMT progression was found for high supplementary vitamin E users when compared with low vitamin E users (0.008 versus 0.023 mm/y, P =.03). No effect of vitamin E within the drug group was found. No effect of vitamin C within the drug or placebo group was found. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementary vitamin E intake appears to be effective in reducing the progression of atherosclerosis in subjects not treated with lipid-lowering drugs while the process is still confined to the arterial wall (early preintrusive atherosclerosis). |
| Effect of systemic treatment with cholesterol-lowering drugs on the skin barrier function in humans Ramsing, D., E. Agner, et al. (1995), Acta Derm Venereol 75(3): 198-201. Abstract: The intercellular lipids of stratum corneum are predominantly formed by cholesterol, ceramides and free fatty acids. Cholesterol synthesis is inhibited by statins, cholesterol-lowering drugs (lovastatin, pravastatin, simvastatin). The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of these drugs on skin barrier function. Knowledge about the effect on epidermis of systemic inhibition of cholesterol synthesis may improve our understanding of the skin barrier function. Seventeen statin-treated subjects were compared to controls. All were patch-tested with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), and the skin was evaluated after 24 h and after 7 days by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema and visual scoring. After 24 h as well as after one week erythema was significantly less pronounced in the statin-treated group than in controls (p < 0.001). No significant differences in TEWL were found between the groups at any time. The results imply a decreased bioavailability of SLS in the statin-treated group, while no evidence for an altered permeability barrier to water was found. |
| Effect of tablet splitting on serum cholesterol concentrations Duncan, M. C., S. S. Castle, et al. (2002), Ann Pharmacother 36(2): 205-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of tablet splitting on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and total cholesterol values in patients taking simvastatin and atorvastatin. DESIGN: A retrospective chart review of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol values of patients instructed to split simvastatin or atorvastatin between January 1999 and November 2000. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Huntington, WV. PATIENTS: Patients were included if they were taking simvastatin or atorvastatin with regular lipid management and follow-up laboratory results. Patients were required to remain on the same milligram-per-day dose at least 6-8 weeks before and after tablet-splitting initiation and have cholesterol values drawn at least 6 weeks after initiation of both whole-tablet and half-tablet dosing. Patients were excluded if they had a triglyceride level > 400 mg/dL or were noncompliant on the basis of pharmacy records and provider notes. MEASUREMENT OUTCOMES: The primary end points were changes in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol values before and after the patient was switched to half-tablet therapy. RESULTS: The overall results for this review demonstrated no statistically significant increase in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol values actually decreased from presplitting to postsplitting, p = 0.017 and p = 0.003, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation showed that half-tablet dosing was as effective as whole-tablet dosing. The program will be continued as a part of quality patient care at the Huntington Veterans Affairs Medical Center. |
| Effect of tamoxifen and raloxifene on cholesterol transformation to bile acids in ovariectomized rats Czerny, B., A. Pawlik, et al. (2005), Gynecol Endocrinol 20(6): 313-6. Abstract: Tamoxifen is used as adjuvant therapy for prevention and treatment of metastatic breast cancer, whereas raloxifene is approved for osteoporosis and is being investigated for breast cancer prevention. The most important aspects of these therapies are focused on their influence on bone and lipid metabolism. Several studies have reported the effect of tamoxifen and raloxifene on plasma lipids. Approximately 40% of total cholesterol removal occurs by conversion to bile acids, a process that takes place in the liver. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of tamoxifen and raloxifene on the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids in estrogen-deficient in rats. The study included 40 female Wistar rats, divided into four groups: sham-operated controls, ovariectomized controls, ovariectomized rats treated with tamoxifen and ovariectomized rats treated with raloxifene. After 42 days of drug administration, bile was collected under anesthesia following administration of radioactive 4-(14)Ccholesterol and assayed for total (14)C radioactivity; (14)C-labeled bile acids were determined by the use of isotopic techniques after initial separation by thin-layer chromatography. Ovariectomy caused decreased excretion of bile and bile acids. Administration of tamoxifen and raloxifene significantly reduced the excretion of (14)C-labeled bile and bile acids compared with ovariectomized controls. Tamoxifen therapy significantly reduced the excretion of taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic plus glycodeoxycholic acids, and excretion of cholic, litocholic and chenodeoxycholic plus deoxycholic acids was increased. Raloxifene significantly reduced the excretion of taurocholic, glycocholic and litocholic acids, taurochenodeoxycholic plus taurodeoxycholic acids, as well as chenodeoxycholic plus deoxycholic acids. The results of the present study suggest that tamoxifen and raloxifene did not reverse the changes in bile composition induced by estrogen deficiency. The decreased concentration of trihydroxy bile acids during therapy with raloxifene might decrease the risk of gallstone formation, although this hypothesis requires further investigation. |