Cholesterol Journal Articles

Record 6341 to 6360

Frequency of congestive heart failure in older persons with prior myocardial infarction and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > or = 125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug
Aronow, W. S. and C. Ahn (2002), Am J Cardiol 90(2): 147-9.

Frequency of consumption of selected indicator foods and serum cholesterol. GISSI-EFRIM investigators. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto--Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio dell'Infarto Miocardico
D'Avanzo, B., E. Negri, et al. (1995), Eur J Epidemiol 11(3): 269-74.
Abstract: The relationship between frequency of consumption of eleven indicator foods (milk, meat, liver, carrots, green vegetables, fruit, eggs, ham, fish, cheese and alcohol) and serum cholesterol was investigated in the comparison group of a case-control study of acute myocardial infarction conducted in Italy. Data were collected on 792 subjects from various Italian regions, admitted to hospital for acute conditions unrelated to any known or potential risk factor for myocardial infarction or to long-term modifications in diet. No statistically or epidemiologically meaningful relationship emerged between serum cholesterol level and frequency of consumption of any of these foods. Cholesterol levels rose according to increasing consumption tertiles for most of the indicator foods considered. Higher values for the higher tertile of consumption were observed for meat, ham and eggs, but also for fruit, carrots and green vegetables. However, correlation coefficients between frequency of consumption of various food items and serum cholesterol level were uniformly low for all food items considered, ranging between -0.09 (for milk) and 0.19 (for ham). Although a more comprehensive diet history may lead to different indications, the present data are not suggestive of any major influence of long-term frequency of consumption of a few selected indicator foods on serum cholesterol levels.

Frequency of eating and concentrations of serum cholesterol in the Norfolk population of the European prospective investigation into cancer (EPIC-Norfolk): cross sectional study
Titan, S. M., S. Bingham, et al. (2001), Bmj 323(7324): 1286-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To examine the relation between self reported eating frequency and serum lipid concentrations in a free living population. DESIGN: Cross sectional population based study. SETTING: Norfolk, England. Participants: 14 666 men and women aged 45-75 years from the Norfolk cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Concentrations of blood lipids. RESULTS: Mean concentrations of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in a continuous relation with increasing daily frequency of eating in men and women. No consistent relation was observed for high density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, or blood pressure. Mean cholesterol concentrations differed by about 0.25 mmol/l between people eating more than six times a day and those eating once or twice daily; this difference was reduced to 0.15 mmol/l after adjustment for possible confounding variables, including age, obesity, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and intake of energy and nutrients (alcohol, fat, fatty acids, protein, and carbohydrate). CONCLUSIONS: Concentrations of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol are negatively and consistently associated with frequency of eating in a general population. The effects of eating frequency on lipid concentrations induced in short term trials in animals and human volunteers under controlled laboratory conditions can be observed in a free living general population. We need to consider not just what we eat but how often we eat.

Frequency of hypothyroidism in adults with serum total cholesterol levels > 200 mg/dl
Oettgen, P., G. S. Ginsburg, et al. (1994), Am J Cardiol 73(13): 955-7.

Frequency of low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in hospitalized patients with "desirable" total cholesterol levels
Ginsburg, G. S., C. Safran, et al. (1991), Am J Cardiol 68(2): 187-92.
Abstract: Because the National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines suggest that levels of total serum cholesterol less than 5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) are "desirable," we performed a retrospective observational analysis to determine the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients with total cholesterol less than 5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) and the prevalence of total cholesterol less than 5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) in patients with CAD by angiography. Cholesterol levels less than 5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) were found in 1,084 of 2,535 patients (42%) having cholesterol measured on hospital admission; 690 of these 1,084 (64%) had CAD. These patients were mostly men, had a family history of premature CAD, and 60% (414 of 690) had high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol less than 0.90 mmol/liter (35 mg/dl). In a separate group of patients defined from the same admission population but having angiographically established CAD, 32% (424 of 1,197) had a total cholesterol less than 5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl), 59% of whom (252 of 424) had HDL less than 0.90 mmol/liter (35 mg/dl). An analysis of persons admitted electively for angiography (to exclude any effects of hospitalization per se on serum lipids) revealed a similar proportion of persons with total cholesterol less than 5.17 mmol/liter (200 mg/dl) (35%), CAD (82%), and HDL less than 0.90 mmol/liter (35 mg/dl).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Frequency of new coronary events in older persons with peripheral arterial disease and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > or = 125 mg/dl treated with statins versus no lipid-lowering drug
Aronow, W. S. and C. Ahn (2002), Am J Cardiol 90(7): 789-91.

Frequency of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement and frequency of results < or=100 mg/dl among patients who had coronary events (Northwest VA Network Study)
Sloan, K. L., A. E. Sales, et al. (2001), Am J Cardiol 88(10): 1143-6.
Abstract: This population-based, cross-sectional analysis targeted all veterans with coronary heart disease (CHD) who were active patients in primary care or cardiology clinics in the Veterans Health Administration Northwest Network from July 1998 to June 1999. We report guideline compliance rates, including whether low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was measured, and if measured, whether the LDL was < or=100 mg/dl. In addition, we utilized multivariate logistic regression to determine patient characteristics associated with LDL measurements and levels. Of 13,891 active patients with CHD, 5,552 (40.0%) did not have a current LDL measurement. Of those with LDL measurements, 39.1% were at the LDL goal of < or =100 mg/dl, whereas 26.5% had LDL > or =130 mg/dl. Male gender, younger age, history of angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting, current hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and angina pectoris were associated with increased likelihood of LDL measurement. Older age and current diabetes and angina were associated with increased likelihood of LDL being < or =100 mg/dl, if measured. Although these rates of guideline adherence in the CHD population compare well to previously published results, they continue to be unacceptably low for optimal clinical outcomes. Attention to both LDL measurement and treatment (if elevated) is warranted.

Fresh Israeli Jaffa blond (Shamouti) orange and Israeli Jaffa red Star Ruby (Sunrise) grapefruit juices affect plasma lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in rats fed added cholesterol
Gorinstein, S., H. Leontowicz, et al. (2004), J Agric Food Chem 52(15): 4853-9.
Abstract: The bioactivity of Israeli Jaffa blond (Shamouti) fresh orange and Israeli Jaffa red Star Ruby (Sunrise) grapefruit juices was investigated in vitro and in vivo. The contents of bioactive compounds of these juices were determined. The influence of bioactive compounds on plasma lipids and plasma antioxidant activity in rats fed cholesterol-containing and cholesterol-free diets was assessed. Significant differences in the contents of dietary fibers were not found. The contents of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in fresh orange and grapefruit juices were 962.1 +/- 27.2 and 906.9 +/- 27.1; 50.1 +/- 3.3 and 44.8 +/- 3.2; and 69.9 +/- 5.6 and 68.7 +/- 5.5 microg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant potential measured by the scavenging activity against nitric oxide, the beta-carotene-linoleate model system (beta-carotene), and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diamonium salt assays was higher in orange juice but not significantly. A high level of correlation between contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids and antioxidant potential values of both juices was found. Diets supplemented with orange and to a lesser degree with grapefruit juices improved plasma lipid metabolism only in rats fed added cholesterol. However, an increase in the plasma antioxidant activity was observed in both groups. In conclusion, fresh orange and grapefruit juices contain high quantities of bioactive compounds, which guarantee their high antioxidant potential, and the positive influence on plasma lipid metabolism and plasma antioxidant activity could make fresh orange and grapefruit juices a valuable supplement for disease-preventing diets.

From cholesterol to bile acids: a metabolic maze
Bjorkhem, I. (1990), Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 202: 56.

From cholesterol to lipoprotein particle markers and/or risk factors
Fruchart, J. C. and J. Cottet (1991), Bull Acad Natl Med 175(1): 51-62; discussion 62-5.
Abstract: Among the risk factors for atherosclerosis, lipoproteins play a central role, particularly in the development of coronary artery disease. The plasma cholesterol level was the first definite indicator of the risk factor. Thereafter, technical progress has permitted the measurement of the cholesterol fractions, LDL cholesterol which is positively correlated with atherosclerosis, and HDL cholesterol, which is protective. However, the measurement of these fractions in a subject does not permit accurate determination of the risk to the subject. Likewise the measurement of apo A-I and B has brought an improvement in determining the risk factor but is still insufficient. The clarification of new markers would allow better definition of the potential atherogenic risk to a given individual Lp A-I (lipoproteins containing apo A-I but not apo A-II) level is probably an important indicator. Similarly, Lp(a) level is certainly an atherogenic lipoprotein and the apo E phenotype modulates the development of atherosclerosis. All these new markers and others, in the future, will better define the risk for an asymptomatic subject, with regard of atherosclerosis and therefore help to prevent it.

From cholesterol to oxysterols. Current data
Luu, B. (1995), C R Seances Soc Biol Fil 189(5): 827-37.
Abstract: Oxysterols, a class of cholesterol oxidation products exhibit several important biological activities. Some of these natural compounds are potent inhibitors of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Many studies have been directed towards to the verification of the hypothesis that some oxysterols are endogenous intracellular regulators of cholesterol homeostasis. In adition to oxysterols derived directly from oxidation of cholesterol, several others are formed from squalene dioxide. It is presently well established that, in addition to the classical cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, there exists an alternate bifurcation from squalene oxide. The cyclisation of squalene dioxide leads to a series of new oxysterols. Thus, several types of oxysterols and several molecular targets are involved in the regulation of steroid biosynthesis. Many oxysterols, particularly those obtained from the oxidations of phytosterols and tetracyclic triterpenes are potent cytotoxic agents. They are selectively cytotoxic against tumorous cells. This cytotoxicity depends markedly on the specific structure of each oxysterol. Some structures are very cytotoxic, while their stereoisomers are inactive. The activity depends on the tumor cells which are used in the assay system: some compounds display inhibitory activity towards hepatoma cells but are inactive against lymphoma cells while others act in the opposite manner. Free oxysterols do not depress tumor growth in living animals. However, several water soluble prodrugs of oxysterols are able to depress different type of tumors in vivo. Clinical trial studies are presently conducted in order to learn the therapeutic values of these oxysterols.

From cholesterol transport to signal transduction: low density lipoprotein receptor, very low density lipoprotein receptor, and apolipoprotein E receptor-2
Nimpf, J. and W. J. Schneider (2000), Biochim Biophys Acta 1529(1-3): 287-98.
Abstract: The discovery of an ever growing number of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor gene family members has triggered research into many different directions. Here we first summarize the results of classical studies on the role of the LDL receptor in cholesterol transport, the structure/function relationships delineated with the help of LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia, and the elegant way in which cells regulate cholesterol at the transcriptional level. The second part deals with a multifunctional, structurally very close relative, the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor. While it is involved in lipoprotein transport in certain tissues and species, detailed studies on its function have generated new knowledge about the growing spectrum of ligands and about exciting and unexpected aspects of receptor biology. In particular, these investigations have elucidated the roles of LDL receptor gene family members in ligand-mediated signal transduction. In the third part of this review article, we provide first insight into the roles of the VLDL receptor and of another small relative, the so-called apolipoprotein E receptor-2, in such signaling processes. These findings suggest that to date, only the tip of an iceberg has been uncovered.

From lanosterol to cholesterol: structural evolution and differential effects on lipid bilayers
Miao, L., M. Nielsen, et al. (2002), Biophys J 82(3): 1429-44.
Abstract: Cholesterol is an important molecular component of the plasma membranes of mammalian cells. Its precursor in the sterol biosynthetic pathway, lanosterol, has been argued by Konrad Bloch (Bloch, K. 1965. Science. 150:19-28; 1983. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 14:47-92; 1994. Blonds in Venetian Paintings, the Nine-Banded Armadillo, and Other Essays in Biochemistry. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.) to also be a precursor in the molecular evolution of cholesterol. We present a comparative study of the effects of cholesterol and lanosterol on molecular conformational order and phase equilibria of lipid-bilayer membranes. By using deuterium NMR spectroscopy on multilamellar lipid-sterol systems in combination with Monte Carlo simulations of microscopic models of lipid-sterol interactions, we demonstrate that the evolution in the molecular chemistry from lanosterol to cholesterol is manifested in the model lipid-sterol membranes by an increase in the ability of the sterols to promote and stabilize a particular membrane phase, the liquid-ordered phase, and to induce collective order in the acyl-chain conformations of lipid molecules. We also discuss the biological relevance of our results, in particular in the context of membrane domains and rafts.

From lipid secretion to cholesterol crystallization in bile. Relevance in cholesterol gallstone disease
Portincasa, P., A. Moschetta, et al. (2002), Ann Hepatol 1(3): 121-8.
Abstract: Failure of cholesterol homeostasis in the body can lead to cholesterol gallstone disease, the most common and costly gastrointestinal disease. The primum movens in cholesterol gallstone formation is the hypersecretion of hepatic cholesterol; this condition leads to bile chronically supersaturated with cholesterol which is prone to rapid precipitation as cholesterol crystals in the gallbladder. Essential topics reviewed here deal with pathways of biliary lipid secretion, cholesterol solubilization and crystallization in bile, according to recent advances. Main in vivo events in cholesterol gallstone disease are also described.

Frontal lobe dementia with abnormal cholesterol metabolism and heterozygous mutation in sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27)
Sugama, S., A. Kimura, et al. (2001), J Inherit Metab Dis 24(3): 379-92.
Abstract: Of the primary dementing disorders that cause frontotemporal dementia, the best-known is Pick disease. We report on a 44-year-old woman with progressive frontal lobe dementia and spastic paraplegia. Examination revealed increased serum levels of cholestanol with abnormal cholesterol metabolism and a heterozygous mutation of the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene (CYP27). Biochemical findings were compatible with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX); however, the clinical manifestations were very dissimilar. To our knowledge, a symptomatic carrier of this mutation among CTX patients has not been reported. We speculate that the present patient has a previously undescribed neurodegenerative disease related to abnormal cholesterol metabolism with this heterozygous mutation.

Fructose and blood cholesterol
Hallfrisch, J. (1993), Am J Clin Nutr 57(1): 89.

Fruit and vegetable consumption and LDL cholesterol: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study
Djousse, L., D. K. Arnett, et al. (2004), Am J Clin Nutr 79(2): 213-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: An elevated LDL-cholesterol concentration is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The association between fruit and vegetable consumption and LDL has been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether a high intake of fruit and vegetables is inversely associated with LDL concentrations. DESIGN: We used data collected from 4466 subjects in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study to study the association between fruit and vegetable consumption and serum LDL. We used a food-frequency questionnaire to assess fruit and vegetable intakes and regression models to estimate adjusted mean LDL according to fruit and vegetable consumption. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) age of the men (n = 2047) was 51.5 +/- 14.0 y and that of the women (n = 2419) was 52.2 +/- 13.7 y. The average daily serving of fruit and vegetables was 3.2 +/- 1.7 for men and was 3.5 +/- 1.8 for women. Fruit and vegetable consumption was inversely related to LDL: in the categories 0-1.9, 2.0-2.9, 3.0-3.9, and > or = 4 servings/d, multivariate-adjusted mean (95% CI) LDL concentrations were 3.36 (3.28, 3.44), 3.35 (3.27, 3.43), 3.26 (3.17, 3.35), and 3.17 (3.09, 3.25) mmol/L, respectively, for men (P for trend < 0.0001) and 3.35 (3.26, 3.44), 3.22 (3.14, 3.30), 3.21 (3.13, 3.29), and 3.11 (3.04, 3.18), respectively, for women (P for trend < 0.0001). This association was observed across categories of age, education, smoking status, physical activity, and tertiles of Keys score. Exclusion of subjects with prevalent diabetes mellitus or coronary artery disease did not alter these results significantly. CONCLUSION: Consumption of fruit and vegetables is inversely related to LDL in men and women.

FT-IR study of the hydrogen bonding interaction between cholesterol and DPPC
Villalain, J. and J. C. Gomez-Fernandez (1992), Biochem Soc Trans 20(2): 122S.

Function of beta-amyloid in cholesterol transport: a lead to neurotoxicity
Yao, Z. X. and V. Papadopoulos (2002), Faseb J 16(12): 1677-9.
Abstract: Amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta), Abeta precursor protein (APP), apolipoprotein E (apoE), and elevated cholesterol levels have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. High cholesterol levels increase APP and apoE expression in human NT2 neuron progenitor cells. A cholesterol-rich environment also induces processing of APP, leading to the formation of Abeta and Abeta peptide fragments. Using a novel method, we determined that 1) cholesterol binds to Abeta at alpha-secretase cleavage site; 2) Abeta17-40 rather than Abeta1-40 prevents cholesterol from binding to apoE; 3) Abeta1-40 inhibits cholesterol from binding to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), leading to decrease cholesterol influx and intracellular cholesterol levels; 4) the binding of cholesterol to apoE or LDL was abolished completely in presence of Abeta1-42. Increased extracellular free cholesterol levels are toxic to neurons; this toxicity is prevented by specific lipoproteins, such as high-density lipoproteins, which maintain their ability to bind cholesterol in the presence of Abeta. We propose that one of the physiological functions of Abeta and APP is to control cholesterol transport. AD is associated with increased Abeta production. High cholesterol levels also lead to overproduction of Abeta. Abeta blocks cholesterol trafficking and changes cholesterol homeostasis leading to neurodegeneration and the onset and/or progression of AD pathology.

Function of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in reverse cholesterol transport
McPherson, R. (1993), Cmaj 148(12): 2165-6.

Cholesterol Articles and Abstracts

Cholesterol Journal Articles