| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Optimizing the prescription of statins after an acute coronary syndrome: the influence of coronary angioplasty and total cholesterol levels Ferrieres, J., N. Danchin, et al. (2001), Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 15(6): 559-60. |
| Oral acetylsalicylic acid induces biliary cholesterol secretion in the rat Prigge, W. F. and R. L. Gebhard (1997), Lipids 32(7): 753-8. Abstract: Several agents can alter biliary cholesterol secretion, critical for cholesterol excretion and gallstone formation. Although salicylate effects on bile formation and gallstones have been studied, biliary lipid secretion has not been measured during oral aspirin treatment. We examined whether oral acetylsalicylic acid affects bile lipid secretion. Three groups of young rats were fed chow for 3 wk. Two of the groups then received aspirin at either 1.67 or 3.33 g/kg diet for 4 d. Serum, hepatic, and bile lipids were measured, as were enzymes of cholesterol synthesis and esterification. With oral aspirin, bile cholesterol secretion increased by 42% and hepatic cholesteryl ester content decreased by 40%. Serum cholesterol and hepatic free cholesterol did not change. To evaluate mechanisms of the cholesterol hypersecretion, hypothyroid animals fed low-fat or fish oil diets and repleted with triiodothyronine were also studied. Aspirin stimulated cholesterol secretion to a degree similar to triiodothyronine. An additive response was seen in fish oil-fed rats. Aspirin did not appear to have a primary action on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase or acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activities, and had no direct effect on esterification of cholesterol by isolated hepatocytes. Aspirin may directly increase cholesterol transport into bile or have cell membrane effects which alter cholesterol transport. It remains to be determined whether the observed alterations in bile cholesterol secretion are specific to the rat or also apply to humans. |
| Oral administration of an Apo A-I mimetic Peptide synthesized from D-amino acids dramatically reduces atherosclerosis in mice independent of plasma cholesterol Navab, M., G. M. Anantharamaiah, et al. (2002), Circulation 105(3): 290-2. Abstract: When apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides synthesized from either D- or L-amino acids were given orally to LDL receptor-null mice, only the peptide synthesized from D-amino acids was stable in the circulation and enhanced the ability of HDL to protect LDL against oxidation. The peptide synthesized from L-amino acids was rapidly degraded and excreted in the urine. When a peptide synthesized from D-amino acids (D-4F) was administered orally to LDL receptor-null mice on a Western diet, lesions decreased by 79%. When added to the drinking water of apoE-null mice, D-4F decreased lesions by approximately 75% at the lowest dose tested (0.05 mg/mL). The marked reduction in lesions occurred independent of changes in total plasma or HDL-cholesterol. |
| Oral administration of NO synthase inhibitor failed to promote arteriosclerotic lesions in the aorta and the coronary arteries of rabbits fed cholesterol Nakamura, M., S. Abe, et al. (1998), Atherosclerosis 141(1): 53-60. Abstract: We examined whether or not the oral administration of L-nitroarginine methylester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, promotes cholesterol-induced arteriosclerosis in the aorta and the coronary artery. Thirty-six male Japanese white rabbits were fed 0.5% cholesterol-containing laboratory chow and randomly assigned to the following three groups: (1) water, (2) 80 microg/ml L-NAME and (3) 400 microg/ml L-NAME in drinking water. The rabbits were fed a 0.5% cholesterol-containing diet for 8 months. During the 8-month period, the concentration of total cholesterol and L-nitroarginine in the serum and the mean blood pressure were measured. The concentration of NO3 in the serum was also measured. After sacrifice, the aortic surface involvement (AI%), the ratio of the thickened intima to the media and the contents of the total cholesterol of the aorta, the maximum % stenosis of the subepicardial large coronary artery, the % frequency of the nearly completely occlusive distal small coronary artery and the area of the myocardial fibrosis were all measured. We found no statistical difference among the three groups regarding the degree of arteriosclerotic lesions of the aorta and of the large coronary artery, and the area of myocardial fibrosis, as well as the serum cholesterol exposure index (the area under the curve of the serum total cholesterol concentration) and the mean blood pressure. However, the serum concentration of L-nitroarginine was approximately 50 and 200 microM/l in groups 2 and 3, respectively. The concentration of NO3 in the serum in group 1 was significantly higher than that in groups 2 and 3. We thus conclude, that the oral administration of L-NAME in the rabbits fed a cholesterol-containing diet for 8 months failed to promote arteriosclerotic lesions in the aorta and the coronary artery, even though the serum concentration of L-nitroarginine increased sufficiently to inhibit NO synthase in the arterial endothelium and the NO3 concentration in the serum decreased in the rabbits given L-NAME. |
| Oral administration of pravastatin reduces egg cholesterol but not plasma cholesterol in laying hens Kim, J. H., S. T. Hong, et al. (2004), Poult Sci 83(9): 1539-43. Abstract: The effect of different 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR)-inhibitors (statins) on plasma and egg cholesterol in laying hens was investigated. Forty-four ISA brown layers were fed lovastatin, simvastatin, or pravastatin at 0.03 or 0.06% for 4 wk. Cholesterol levels in plasma, liver, and egg yolk as well as hen laying performance were studied. Egg weight was significantly lowered with all statin treatments, although egg production was relatively unaffected. Total plasma cholesterol was significantly reduced by 0.06% lovastatin, 0.03% simvastatin, and 0.06% simvastatin, in agreement with previous reports, whereas pravastatin had no effect. In contrast, liver cholesterol concentrations showed a significant decrease in response to 0.03 and 0.06% pravastatin, implying selective regulation of liver cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, oral administration with 0.06% pravastatin reduced egg cholesterol levels by almost 20% compared with the control diet. This suggests that pravastatin, unlike other classes of statin, may be a good candidate for commercial production of low cholesterol eggs with limited impact on hen physiology and egg production. |
| Oral anticoagulant therapy: a precipitating factor in the pathogenesis of cholesterol embolization? Nevelsteen, A., M. Kutten, et al. (1992), Acta Chir Belg 92(1): 33-6. Abstract: The authors describe three patients who developed a blue toe syndrome after initiation of oral anticoagulant therapy. Based on these observations and data in the literature, they discuss a possible relationship. They conclude that the vascular surgeon should be aware of this possibility and that oral anticoagulants should be used very carefully in the "medical" management of cholesterol embolization. |
| Oral bile acid treatment of biliary cholesterol stones Leuschner, U. (1992), Recenti Prog Med 83(7-8): 392-9. Abstract: Cholesterol gallbladder stones can be dissolved with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) or ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Response rate is 60-90%, dissolution rate 60% in stones not exceeding 1.5 cm in diameter. Mean treatment time amounts to 18 months. To improve oral litholysis: 1) UDCA was combined with the amino acid taurine, 2) CDCA and UDCA were administered in a single bedtime dose, 3) they were combined, each bile acid in half dosage, and 4) they were mixed with terpenes. Although there was some improvement with the combination therapy, final outcome is still suboptimal. Many investigations have been performed concerning gallbladder function, mucus production and nucleating factors, showing both that cholesterol supersaturation of bile is the conditio sine qua non for gallstone formation and that other factors play an additional, important role for the development of the first nidus. These factors have to be considered when therapy shall be improved. As yet oral litholysis has shown neither drug-related side effects nor lethality. It is not more expensive than surgery. Direct contact litholysis with methyl tert-butyl ether could reduce the indication for oral treatment to floating stones or patients who refuse gallbladder puncture. But although oral litholysis does not provide us with optimal results and needs further improvements, it will always keep its place in gallstone therapy. |
| Oral cholecystosonography. A method to establish the diagnosis of minute cholesterol calculi Felce, S., M. Nieves, et al. (1990), G E N 44(1): 49-51. Abstract: We have studied five patients with clinical symptoms and/or ultrasonography with sludge-like irregularities, but not conclusive for gallstones. The layering of bile and floating of cholesterol gallstones induced manly by administration of oral cholecystographic contrast, has been well demonstrated since 1933. These 5 patients were given doses of iopanoic acid. The day after we performed other ultrasonography--oral cholecystosonography method. With this second cholecystosonography was demonstrated inside the gallbladder en layer or a line of hyperechogenic little floating spots of cholesterol gallstones. |
| Oral contraceptives decrease hepatic cholesterol independent of the LDL receptor in nonhuman primates Colvin, P. L., Jr., J. D. Wagner, et al. (1993), Arterioscler Thromb 13(11): 1645-9. Abstract: Pharmacological doses of estrogens have been reported to increase hepatic catabolism of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by the LDL receptor (LDL-R) pathway and to increase the concentration of mRNA for the LDL receptor. The induction of LDL-Rs by large doses of estrogen may not be relevant to the role of estrogens under physiological conditions. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which oral contraceptives, a combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin, may modulate LDL metabolism remain largely unexplored. Adult female cynomolgus monkeys were given combination ethinyl estradiol/norgestrel preparations (n = 16) for 16 weeks and were compared with a control group that did not receive exogenous sex hormones (n = 7). All animals consumed a diet containing 0.25 mg cholesterol/kcal with 40% of calories from saturated fats. After 16 weeks of treatment there was no significant difference in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and hepatic LDL-R mRNA concentration between oral contraceptive-treated animals (LDL-C, 242 +/- 113 mg/dL; LDL-R mRNA, 0.60 +/- 0.31 pg/microgram RNA) and control animals (LDL-C, 277 +/- 100 mg/dL; LDL-R mRNA, 0.51 +/- 0.21 pg/microgram RNA). In contrast, the hepatic cholesteryl ester concentration was significantly lower in the oral contraceptive-treated animals (7.28 +/- 3.59 mg/g liver) compared with the control animals (16.07 +/- 11.86 mg/g liver; P =.01) with no significant difference in hepatic free cholesterol concentration between the groups. Thus, oral contraceptives decrease hepatic cholesterol concentration independent of LDL-R expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Oral D-4F causes formation of pre-beta high-density lipoprotein and improves high-density lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages in apolipoprotein E-null mice Navab, M., G. M. Anantharamaiah, et al. (2004), Circulation 109(25): 3215-20. Abstract: BACKGROUND: These studies were designed to determine the mechanism of action of an oral apolipoprotein (apo) A-I mimetic peptide, D-4F, which previously was shown to dramatically reduce atherosclerosis in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty minutes after 500 microg of D-4F was given orally to apoE-null mice, small cholesterol-containing particles (CCPs) of 7 to 8 nm with pre-beta mobility and enriched in apoA-I and paraoxonase activity were found in plasma. Before D-4F, both mature HDL and the fast protein liquid chromatography fractions containing the CCPs were proinflammatory. Twenty minutes after oral D-4F, HDL and CCPs became antiinflammatory, and there was an increase in HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages in vitro. Oral D-4F also promoted reverse cholesterol transport from intraperitoneally injected cholesterol-loaded macrophages in vivo. In addition, oral D-4F significantly reduced lipoprotein lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), except for pre-beta HDL fractions, in which LOOH increased. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of action of oral D-4F in apoE-null mice involves rapid formation of CCPs, with pre-beta mobility enriched in apoA-I and paraoxonase activity. As a result, lipoprotein LOOH are reduced, HDL becomes antiinflammatory, and HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport from macrophages are stimulated. |
| Oral guar gum treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis and pruritus in pregnant women: effects on serum cholestanol and other non-cholesterol sterols Gylling, H., S. Riikonen, et al. (1998), Eur J Clin Invest 28(5): 359-63. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Our aim was to investigate whether intestinal binding of bile acids by guar gum, a dietary fibre, relieves cholestasis and pruritus in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. METHODS: Forty-eight pregnant women with cholestasis and pruritus were randomized double-blind to guar gum and placebo until the time of delivery, and 20 healthy pregnant women were used as control subjects. The pruritus score and serum bile acids, lipids and non-cholesterol sterols were measured at baseline, at least 2 weeks after treatment, just before delivery and up to 4 weeks after delivery. RESULTS: The increase in serum bile acids and worsening of pruritus were prevented by guar gum in relation to placebo (P < 0.05). Serum cholesterol was unchanged, but increased cholesterol precursor sterol values suggested that cholesterol synthesis was increased by guar gum. Serum cholestanol proportion, an indicator of cholestasis, was related to pruritus but was unaffected by guar gum. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and pruritus, guar gum treatment is beneficial in relieving pruritus, even although indicators of cholestasis are only partially reduced. |
| Oral pre-treatment with rosuvastatin protects porcine myocardium from ischaemia/reperfusion injury via a mechanism related to nitric oxide but not to serum cholesterol level Bulhak, A. A., A. V. Gourine, et al. (2005), Acta Physiol Scand 183(2): 151-9. Abstract: AIMS: The aim of this study was to test whether oral pre-treatment with rosuvastatin at a dosage giving clinically relevant plasma concentrations protects the myocardium against ischaemia/reperfusion injury and to investigate the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) and neutrophil infiltration. METHODS: Pigs were given placebo (n = 7), rosuvastatin (80 mg day(-1), n =7), rosuvastatin (160 mg day(-1), n = 7) or pravastatin (160 mg day(-1), n = 7) orally for 5 days before being subjected to coronary artery ligation and reperfusion. An additional group was given rosuvastatin 160 mg day(-1) and a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. RESULTS: Rosuvastatin 80 and 160 mg day(-1) resulted in plasma concentrations of 2.6 +/- 0.7 and 5.6 +/- 1.0 ng mL(-1), respectively. Serum cholesterol was not affected. Rosuvastatin 160 mg day(-1) and pravastatin limited the infarct size from 82 +/- 3% of the area at risk in the placebo group to 61 +/- 3% (P < 0.05), and to 61 +/- 2% (P < 0.05) respectively. Rosuvastatin 80 mg day(-1) limited the infarct size to 69 +/- 2%, however, this effect was not statistically significant. Rosuvastatin 160 mg day(-1) attenuated neutrophil infiltration in the ischaemic/reperfused myocardium. The protective effect of rosuvastatin 160 mg day(-1) was abolished by NOS inhibition. The expression of NOS2 and NOS3 in the myocardium did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Oral pre-treatment with rosuvastatin limited infarct size following ischaemia/reperfusion without affecting cholesterol levels. The cardioprotective effect is suggested to be dependent on maintained bioactivity of NO, without influencing NOS expression. |
| Oral synthetic phospholipid (DMPC) raises high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, improves high-density lipoprotein function, and markedly reduces atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-null mice Navab, M., S. Hama, et al. (2003), Circulation 108(14): 1735-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Lecithin has been widely sold as a dietary supplement. 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) is a phospholipid that does not exist in nature and has been used in vitro to study lipid binding. We tested DMPC in vivo in apolipoprotein (apo) E-null mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: DMPC or soy or egg lecithin at 1.0 mg/mL was added to the drinking water of 4-week-old apoE-null female mice. Eight weeks later, HDL cholesterol levels and apoA-I levels were markedly increased in the mice that received DMPC. HDL function was also dramatically improved in the mice receiving DMPC, and there was a significant reduction in aortic lesions (P=0.021) in the DMPC mice but not in those receiving lecithin. Adding 1.0 mg/mL of DMPC to the drinking water of 10-month-old apoE-null female mice for 5 weeks caused regression of aortic sinus lesions (P=0.003). Adding 1.0 mg/mL DMPC to the drinking water of 6-month-old apoE-null male mice for 8 weeks significantly reduced aortic sinus lesion area (P=0.0031) and en face whole aorta lesion area (P=0.001), whereas adding the same concentrations of soy or egg lecithin did not significantly alter lesion area. Jejunal apoA-I synthesis and plasma apoA-I levels were increased 2- to 3-fold in mice receiving DMPC but not soy or egg lecithin. CONCLUSIONS: DMPC (but not lecithin) raises HDL cholesterol and apoA-I, improves HDL function, and prevents lesions or causes their regression in apoE-null mice. |
| Orally administered ginseng extract reduces serum total cholesterol and triglycerides that induce fatty liver in 66% hepatectomized rats Cui, X., T. Sakaguchi, et al. (1998), J Int Med Res 26(4): 181-7. Abstract: The effects of ginseng extract (from the root of Panax ginseng) on factors inducing fatty liver were examined in 66% hepatectomized rats. Oral administration of ginseng extract at 125 or 250 mg/kg/day produced statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the blood 3 days after hepatectomy (P<0.05); the total cholesterol response appeared to be dose-related. Administration of ginseng extract at both doses also reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the liver 3 days after hepatectomy. Food intake and serum chemistry parameters indicating liver and kidney function were unchanged after ginseng administration except for the lipid metabolic parameters. These observations suggest that orally administered ginseng extract can suppress the formation of fatty liver after hepatic resection. |
| Orbital cholesterol granuloma with destruction of the lateral orbital roof Karim, M. M., M. Inoue, et al. (2000), Jpn J Ophthalmol 44(2): 179-82. Abstract: PURPOSE: Orbital cholesterol granuloma in a 51-year-old man is described. METHODS: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were done. RESULTS: Both studies showed a mass in the left orbit, with evidence of orbital roof destruction in the CT scan. On the basis of clinical and imaging findings, a diagnosis was made of malignant orbital tumor with destruction of the lateral orbital roof. Surgical exploration revealed a thickly encapsulated mass densely adherent to the left superior orbital bone and periosteum. Although the dura mater was intact, bone destruction in the lateral orbital roof was seen. The entire mass was successfully excised and histopathological evaluation was performed. Histopathology showed numerous inflammatory cells, blood degradation products, and cholesterol clefts. The absence of epithelial elements led to the diagnosis of cholesterol granuloma. CONCLUSIONS: Care must be taken to differentiate cholesterol granuloma from malignant orbital tumor. CT scan and MRI imaging seem well-suited to detecting the characteristic findings of cholesterol granuloma. |
| Orbital subperiosteal hematoma, cholesterol granuloma, and infection. Evaluation with MR imaging and CT Dobben, G. D., B. Philip, et al. (1998), Radiol Clin North Am 36(6): 1185-200. Abstract: Orbital subperiosteal space, a potential space, is an important entity due to its unique anatomy and susceptibility to various pathologic processes. CT scan and MR imaging are important tools in the diagnosis of orbital subperiosteal hematomas, cholesterol granulomas, and infections. MR imaging has emerged as the modality of choice in the evaluation of hematomas and infections of this space due to its multiplanar capability and various imaging sequences giving better information. High-resolution CT scan offers good differentiation in most of these cases. Osseous changes in a cholesterol granuloma is better seen in CT scan, although MR imaging offers better differentiation from epidermoid or dermoid cysts and other subperiosteal process, as well as lacrimal fossa lesions. Subperiosteal abscesses are best evaluated using MR imaging. |
| Orbitofrontal cholesterol granuloma Mani, N. B., J. R. Bapuraj, et al. (2001), J Otolaryngol 30(6): 365-7. |
| Orbitofrontal cholesterol granuloma McNab, A. A. and J. E. Wright (1990), Ophthalmology 97(1): 28-32. Abstract: Cholesterol granuloma of the orbital bones is a rare but readily recognizable clinical and radiologic entity usually affecting men. Twenty-seven patients are reported, and in all except one, the frontal bone in the region of the lacrimal fossa was involved. These lesions produced an area of osteolysis in the frontal bone with expansion into the extraperiosteal space of the lacrimal fossa, causing fullness of the upper lid and proptosis. The granuloma always remained extraperiosteal and was composed of a granulomatous reaction surrounding cholesterol crystals and altered blood. It is postulated that cholesterol granuloma occurs because of hemorrhage into the diploe of the bone. Extraperiosteal surgical removal cured all patients. Some previous reports have failed to identify the true nature of this lesion and confused its nomenclature. |
| Orbitofrontal cholesterol granuloma: distinct diagnostic features and management Arat, Y. O., I. A. Chaudhry, et al. (2003), Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 19(5): 382-7. Abstract: PURPOSE: To describe the distinct clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic findings of orbitofrontal cholesterol granuloma and treatment approaches. We also present 2 atypical cases of cholesterol granuloma, one of which we believe represents the smallest and one of which the most extensive lesion among the previously reported cases in the literature. METHODS: The records of 8 patients with orbital cholesterol granuloma were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Mean age at presentation was 45 years. Six of 8 patients were male. The most common symptom at presentation was proptosis (50%). Computerized tomography of orbits showed a lytic lesion in the superolateral bony orbit with an extraconal soft tissue mass in 2 patients and a cystic lesion eroding the superolateral orbital roof in 4 patients. One patient had a small lytic lesion in the frontal bone without associated soft tissue mass and one patient had a very large destructive mass with extensive intracranial and orbital extension. Magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in 2 patients and showed a non-contrast-enhancing lesion with high signal intensity on both T1- and T2-weighted images. Seven patients were treated by aspiration of the contents and curettage of the lining by an extraperiosteal approach through a subbrow incision. One patient who was clinically thought to have a frontal mucocele was treated by frontal sinus exploration, removal of the lesion, and obliteration of the sinus. Two of 7 patients required lateral orbitotomy for better exposure of the tumor. Only one patient had recurrent symptoms and required a second surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Orbitofrontal cholesterol granulomas have typical clinical and radiologic features. Surgical excision has a high success rate with a low incidence of recurrence. |
| Orbitofrontal cholesterol granuloma: percutaneous endoscopic-assisted curettage Selva, D., T. Lai, et al. (2003), J Laryngol Otol 117(11): 892-4. Abstract: This paper describes the use of endoscopic visualization in curettage of orbital cholesterol granuloma (OCG). Two males aged 54 and 50 years presented with orbitofrontal cholesterol granulomas arising in the superolateral frontal bone and abutting the dura. The granulomas were approached via a superior eyelid crease incision and a 70 degree rigid endoscope was used to visualize curettage of the granuloma from the inner surface of the frontal bone and the dura. Both patients made an uncomplicated recovery and there was no recurrence at eight months and two years follow up. Percutaneous endoscopic curettage is an alternative to blind curettage, lateral orbitotomy or frontal craniotomy for OCG. |