| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Resistant starch decreases serum total cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations in rats de Deckere, E. A., W. J. Kloots, et al. (1993), J Nutr 123(12): 2142-51. Abstract: Rats were meal-fed semipurified diets containing a low (0.8 g/MJ) and a high (9.6 g/MJ) amount of resistant starch (RS) or various amounts of RS (0.8 to 9.6 g/MJ) and guar gum (0 to 8.8 g/MJ). In one experiment, rats were fed the low and high RS diets in three dietary regimens (ad libitum consuming, 12 h ad libitum/12 h food deprived, and meal fed). Effects of RS and guar gum on serum postprandial and postabsorptive concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglycerol (TAG), growth, hydrogen excretion, tissue weights and contents of small intestine and cecum, and pH of cecal contents were investigated. In addition, effects of RS on food intake, de novo hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and neutral sterols, and on lipoprotein lipase activity and weight of epididymal fat pads were investigated. Compared with feeding the low RS diet, the high RS diet reduced the serum TC and TAG concentrations, with these effects observed after 1 and 2 wk of feeding, respectively. The dietary regimen did not influence the effect of RS on the serum TC and TAG concentrations, but it did affect the serum TAG concentration. Resistant starch had no effect on the hepatic synthesis of fatty acids and neutral sterols or on the lipoprotein lipase activity in epididymal fat pads. Guar gum also reduced the serum TC concentration, but it had no effect on serum TAG concentration. The tissue weights and contents of small intestine and cecum as well as hydrogen excretion increased with increasing amounts of dietary RS and guar gum, whereas the pH of cecal contents decreased. No effects of RS on food intake and total body weight gain were found, whereas guar gum decreased weight gain. Feeding the high RS diet also led to a lower weight of the epididymal fat pads. We conclude that dietary RS can reduce serum TC and TAG concentrations and fat accretion. |
| Resistant starch fraction prepared from kintoki bean affects gene expression of genes associated with cholesterol metabolism in rats Han, K. H., M. Sekikawa, et al. (2004), Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 229(8): 787-92. Abstract: Feeding rats beans with resistant starch reduces the serum cholesterol concentration; however, the mechanism is not fully understood. We examined the effects of resistant starch of kintoki (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety) bean on serum cholesterol and hepatic mRNAs in rats. Male F344/Du Crj rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet either with 5 g of cellulose powder (control)/100 g or 5 g of pancreatin-resistant fraction prepared from kintoki bean (kintoki)/100 g diet for 4 weeks. There were no differences in the body weight gain, food intake, liver weight, and mass of cecum contents between the groups. Serum total cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) + intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) + low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels in the kintoki group were significantly (at least P < 0.05) lower than in the control group throughout the feeding period. There was no difference in the serum triglyceride concentration between two groups throughout the feeding period. Total hepatic cholesterol in the control group was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than in the kintoki groups. Fecal bile acid, cecal acetate, propionate and n-butyrate concentrations in the kintoki group all were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in the control group. Likewise, hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, LDL receptor, and SR-B1 mRNA levels in the kintoki group were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in the control group. The results suggest that resistant starch of kintoki bean reduces serum cholesterol level by increasing hepatic LDL receptor, SR-B1, and cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase mRNAs. |
| Resistant starches of beans reduce the serum cholesterol concentration in rats Han, K. H., M. Fukushima, et al. (2003), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 49(4): 281-6. Abstract: We examined the effects of the resistant starches of adzuki (Vigna angularis), kintoki (Phaseolus vulgaris, variety), and tebou (P. vulgaris, variety) beans on the lipid metabolism in rats. Rats were fed a cholesterol-free diet with 25 g of cornstarch (CS)/100 g diet, 25 g of adzuki starch (AS)/100 g diet, 25 g of kintoki starch (KS)/100 g diet, or 25 g of tebou starch (TS)/100 g diet for 4 wk. The cecal contents in the TS group were significantly higher than those in the CS and KS groups. There were no significant differences in body weight or food intake among the groups. The relative liver weight in the CS group was significantly greater than that of the AS, KS, and TS groups. The serum total cholesterol, VLDL+IDL+LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations in the AS, KS, and TS groups were significantly lower than those in the CS group throughout the feeding period. Though the total hepatic cholesterol concentration in the TS group was significantly higher than that in the KS group, there were no significant differences between the CS and other starch groups. The cecal pH value in the CS group was significantly higher than that of the bean starch groups. The cecal butyric acid concentrations in the AS, KS, and TS groups were significantly higher than that in the CS group, and the cecal total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in the AS and TS groups were significantly higher than those of the CS group. The fecal cholesterol excretion of the AS, KS, and TS groups were significantly higher than that in the CS group. The fecal coprostanol excretion in the AS group was significantly higher than that in the CS group. There was a negative correlation between the serum VLDL+IDL+LDL-cholesterol concentration and fecal neutral steroid excretion (r = -0.664, p < 0.001) in the present experiment. Furthermore, the cecal total SCFA concentration was negatively correlated with the serum VLDL+IDL+LDL-cholesterol concentration (r = -0.665, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with fecal neutral steroid excretion (r = 0.481, p < 0.05). The cecal butyric acid level was also negatively correlated with the serum VLDL+IDL+LDL-cholesterol concentration (r = -0.609, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with fecal neutral steroid excretion (r = 0.658, p < 0.001). The results suggest that AS, KS, and TS elevate cecal SCFA concentration, in particular butyric acid concentration, and fecal neutral sterol excretion, and lower the serum total cholesterol level. |
| Response degree of cholesterol LDL to feeding in males with hypercholesterolemia according to baseline value Fernandez De La Puebla, R. A., J. Carmona, et al. (2002), Med Clin (Barc) 118(19): 737-40. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The response of plasma cholesterol to diet is modulated by endogenous and exogenous factors such as body mass, tobacco consumption, gender and the genetic background. Our purpose was to know whether the response degree depends on the concentration of cholesterol prior to the intervention and whether several polymorphisms modulating the cholesterol response to diet are actually involved in such response. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Seventy two males with hypercholesterolemia were administered three different 4-weeks duration diets. The first one was a saturated fat-enriched (SAT) diet. Then, in a randomized and crossed manner, subjects were categorized in two groups: one group received a diet with low fat but high complex carbohydrates contents (HCO); the another group received a monounsaturated fat-enriched diet (Mediterranean diet). In the third period, we inverted the diets of the previous period. We determined the prevalent genotypes of the following apoproteins: E, CIII, A-IV, A-I, B, A-IV 360. RESULTS: The diet with low fat contents and the Mediterranean diet led to a significant decrease of total cholesterol, LDL-c and HDL-c. Those at the upper LDL-c tertile, after the SAT diet, were found to have statistically significant greater decreases (absolute and relative values) with the Mediterranean and HCO diet. In the multivariate analysis, the only variable with an effect on the modification of LDL-c, after shifting a SAT to any hypolipidemic diet, were the levels of LDL-c at the end of a SAT diet. The allelic frequency of different apoproteins in the hyper-respondent group was not different from that in the hypo-respondent group (response displayed when going from a SAT period to any hypolipidemic diet). CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of LDL-c observed with hypolipidemic diets (low in fat contents or Mediterranean) was more significant in those individuals with hypercholesterolemia who had higher levels of LDL-c at the onset. |
| Response of cholesterol synthesis to cholesterol feeding in men with different apolipoprotein E genotypes Jones, P. J., B. F. Main, et al. (1993), Metabolism 42(8): 1065-71. Abstract: To investigate the influence of dietary cholesterol level and apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism on cholesterol synthesis, seven apo E2/- and six apo E4/- normolipidemic subjects consumed self-selected diets containing low cholesterol (LC 250 mg/d) and high cholesterol (HC 800 mg/d) levels for approximately 20 days. On day 20, subjects were given 0.7 g deuterium oxide (D2O)/kg body water followed by maintenance doses. Cholesterol synthesis was measured as the uptake rate of D into plasma free cholesterol over 24 hours. Serum total cholesterol levels were higher (P <.05) in the apo E4/- versus apo E2/- group over both dietary periods. No influence of dietary cholesterol content on serum levels was observed, nor was there an effect of apo E genotype or dietary cholesterol level on cholesterogenesis. However, a genotype-independent association was observed between both cholesterogenesis (P <.001) and the increase in cholesterogenesis (P =.05) with the change in serum total cholesterol level subsequent to high-cholesterol feeding. These findings suggest that (1) apo E genotype is not associated with cholesterol synthesis rate in subjects on self-selected diets, and (2) hyporesponders to a dietary cholesterol challenge display higher synthetic rates than hyperresponders. The observation of lower cholesterol synthesis in individuals with the largest increases in serum cholesterol level after a dietary cholesterol challenge suggests a passive rather than dominant role of cholesterol synthesis in regulating serum levels. |
| Response of femoral arteries of cholesterol-fed rabbits to balloon angioplasty with or without laser: emphasis on the distribution of foam cells Gertz, S. D., L. W. Gimple, et al. (1993), Exp Mol Pathol 59(3): 225-43. Abstract: Very little is known about the structural composition of the restenotic plaque in evolution. The responses of atherosclerotic femoral arteries of rabbits to balloon angioplasty (BA), thallium/holmium/chromium: YAG infrared laser angioplasty (LA), combined LA and BA, or no angioplasty were compared by blinded quantitative histomorphometry and angiography. The endothelium was injured by nitrogen/air desiccation, and the animals were fed a 2% cholesterol diet for 1 month prior to the angioplasty procedure. Animals were sacrificed 2 hr or 28 days after angioplasty by pressure perfusion with 10% formaldehyde (100 mm Hg), and arterial segments (4-5 cm) were excised bilaterally. The frequency of thrombus was greatest in arteries with LA. Arteries with combined LA and BA had the greatest initial gain in luminal diameter by angiography, but they also had the greatest reduction in luminal diameter from 2 hr to 28 days and the greatest cross-sectional area narrowing by plaque at 28 days. The principal component of the intimal plaques in all groups was fibrous tissue (approximately 90%), with the remainder consisting primarily of "foam cells." By multiple regression analysis, the strongest predictors of cross-sectional area narrowing were contiguity of foam cells between the intima and media, depth of the tear, percentage of foam cells in the plaque, and the intervention of LA followed by BA. The principal predictors of foam cells in the plaque, irrespective of treatment, were also cross-sectional area narrowing, contiguity of foam cells between plaque and media, and the depth of tear. It is suggested that a large proportion of the foam cells of the intima may be derived from foam cells of the media and adventitia rather than from the lumen. These observations may be of particular importance regarding angioplasty in young people where foam cells occupy a significantly greater proportion of the atherosclerotic plaque. |
| Response of hormones modulating plasma cholesterol to dietary casein or soy protein in minipigs Scholz-Ahrens, K. E., H. Hagemeister, et al. (1990), J Nutr 120(11): 1387-92. Abstract: To elucidate the mechanism mediating the effect of dietary casein or soy protein on serum cholesterol concentrations we followed the endocrine response to the intake of these dietary proteins. The hormones analyzed were those known to modulate serum cholesterol concentration. A 7-wk crossover nutrition study was performed with six adult Gottingen minipigs consuming semisynthetic diets based on either 20 wt% casein or soy isolate. At d 42 and 49, concentrations of six hormones were determined in 22 blood samples taken over the whole day. There were no significant differences in insulin, glucagon, the insulin/glucagon ratio, hydrocortisone or triiodothyronine among dietary groups. In the late postprandial phase (5 h after the meal and later) there were significantly higher growth hormone concentrations in soy-fed animals. At all times of the day, total and free thyroxine concentrations were higher after soy feeding than after casein feeding. On average, total and free thyroxine concentrations were 34 and 26% higher with soy protein feeding than with casein feeding. Our data agree with other reports of protein-dependent changes of thyroid hormones and may explain why different dietary proteins have different effects on serum cholesterol levels in sensitive species. |
| Response of low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels to dietary change: contributions of different mechanisms Fielding, C. J. (1997), Curr Opin Lipidol 8(1): 39-42. Abstract: In many individuals, LDL-cholesterol levels rise following increased consumption of dietary cholesterol or saturated and trans-monounsaturated fatty acids. In others, a reduction of cholesterogenesis fully compensates for these effects. In responding individuals, much of the increase in LDL-cholesterol observed may result directly from an increase in plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity whose effect is not mediated by hepatic LDL receptors. |
| Response of plasma lipids to dietary cholesterol and wine polyphenols in rats fed polyunsaturated fat diets Fremont, L., M. T. Gozzelino, et al. (2000), Lipids 35(9): 991-9. Abstract: This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary red wine phenolic compounds (WP) and cholesterol on lipid oxidation and transport in rats. For 5 wk, weanling rats were fed polyunsaturated fat diets (n-6/n-3 = 6.4) supplemented or not supplemented with either 3 g/kg diet of cholesterol, 5 g/kg diet of WP, or both. The concentrations of triacylglycerols (TAG, P < 0.01) and cholesterol (P < 0.0002) were reduced in fasting plasma of rats fed cholesterol despite the cholesterol enrichment of very low density lipoprotein + low density lipoprotein (VLDL + LDL). The response was due to the much lower plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein (HDL) (-35%, P < 0.0001). In contrast, TAG and cholesteryl ester (CE) accumulated in liver (+120 and +450%, respectively, P < 0.0001). However, the cholesterol content of liver microsomes was not affected. Dietary cholesterol altered the distribution of fatty acids mainly by reducing the ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid (P < 0.0001) in plasma VLDL + LDL (-35%) and HDL (-42%) and in liver TAG (-42%), CE (-78%), and phospholipids (-28%). Dietary WP had little or no effect on these variables. On the other hand, dietary cholesterol lowered the alpha-tocopherol concentration in VLDL + LDL (-40%, P < 0.003) and in microsomes (-60%, P < 0.0001). In contrast, dietary WP increased the concentration in microsomes (+21%, P < 0.0001), but had no effect on the concentration in VLDL + LDL. Cholesterol feeding decreased (P < 0.006) whereas WP feeding increased (P < 0.0001) the resistance of VLDL + LDL to copper-induced oxidation. The production of conjugated dienes after 25 h of oxidation ranged between 650 (WP without cholesterol) and 2,560 (cholesterol without WP) micromol/g VLDL + LDL protein. These findings show that dietary WP were absorbed at sufficient levels to contribute to the protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma and membranes. They could also reduce the consumption of alpha-tocopherol and endogenous antioxidants. The responses suggest that, in humans, these substances may be beneficial by reducing the deleterious effects of a dietary overload of cholesterol. |
| Response to a cholesterol-lowering diet: efficacy is greater in hypercholesterolemic subjects even after adjustment for regression to the mean Denke, M. A. and I. D. Frantz, Jr. (1993), Am J Med 94(6): 626-31. Abstract: PURPOSE: To define how much regression to the mean confounds apparent responsiveness in subgroup analyses, and to test, using techniques that remove regression to the mean, whether hypercholesterolemic subjects are more likely to respond to diet. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data collected on 812 men and women participating in the Minnesota Coronary Survey Dietary Trial who had at least 2 total cholesterol measurements on a high-saturated-fat diet and 1 cholesterol measurement on a low-saturated-fat diet were analyzed for the effects of initial serum cholesterol and regression toward the mean on measurement of diet responsiveness. RESULTS: If regression towards the mean is not taken into account, dietary responsiveness in patients with mean cholesterol levels of 280 mg/dL was -25%, whereas dietary responsiveness in subjects with mean serum cholesterol levels of 156 mg/dL was -5%. After regression toward the mean was taken into account, subjects with high initial serum cholesterol levels had an 18% reduction in serum cholesterol levels whereas subjects with lower levels had an 11% reduction. Even after regression toward the mean is accounted for, subjects with high serum cholesterol levels were significantly more diet-responsive (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: The efficacy of a cholesterol-lowering diet for individuals can be overestimated or underestimated if only single measurements are used to determine response. Subjects with hypercholesterolemia, even after adjustment for regression towards the mean, are more diet-responsive than subjects with lower cholesterol levels. Dietary therapy should remain the first step in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, and should also be effective in reducing cholesterol levels in the population at large. |
| Response to cholesterol-lowering drugs in familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 Maher, V. M., J. J. Gallagher, et al. (1991), Atherosclerosis 91(1-2): 73-6. Abstract: The effect of cholestyramine and simvastatin, given separately or in combination, on serum lipid concentrations in 11 patients with heterozygous familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 was compared with that in 11 matched patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. In both groups of patients there was a substantial fall in serum lipid levels in response to treatment. There were no significant differences between the reductions in serum total or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the two groups. |
| Response to dietary fat and cholesterol and genetic polymorphisms Clifton, P., K. Kind, et al. (1997), Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 24(5): A21-5. Abstract: 1. We examined common polymorphisms in the genes encoding the LDL receptor, lipoprotein lipase, apoAI, apoB, apoAIV and cholesteryl ester transfer protein and related them to changes in LDL and HDL cholesterol after high fat/high cholesterol diets. 2. The only significant association was seen with the apoIV polymorphism, which leads to a structural change in the protein. The response to fat and cholesterol in subjects with at least one apoAIV 2 allele was only 30% of that seen in subjects with the common apoIV 1 allele (P < 0.01), accounting for 6-7% of the variance in response. This confirms the results of two previous studies in which dietary cholesterol intake was changed. 3. No association were seen with polymorphisms of the other five genes examined. |
| Response to dietary fat and cholesterol in young adult boars genetically selected for high or low plasma cholesterol Lu, C. D., W. G. Pond, et al. (1995), J Anim Sci 73(7): 2043-9. Abstract: Twenty-eight young adult boars (age 7 to 8 mo) genetically selected for four generations for high (HG) or low (LG) plasma cholesterol were studied to assess dietary and genetic effects and their interactions on cholesterol metabolism. Boars within a genetic group were paired according to their plasma cholesterol concentration at 8 wk of age and were fed for 15 wk (2.7 kg/d) one of two diets (16.5% fat and 1,156 mg of cholesterol/kg diet, HD; or 3.1% fat and 0 cholesterol diet, LD) in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Plasma total cholesterol (P <.01) and HDL-cholesterol (P <.01) concentrations were higher in boars fed HS (P <.01) and in HG boars (P <.01). There was a trend toward a diet x genotype interaction for plasma HDL-cholesterol (P <.06). Plasma insulin concentration tended to be lower in boars fed HD (P <.09) or HG boars (P <.10). There was a diet x genotype interaction for plasma glucagon (P <.04) concentration and a trend toward an interaction for insulin (P <.07). After 15 wk, all boars were killed by electrocution and exsanguination and measurements were taken. Backfat thickness was greater (P <.01) and carcass length (P <.01) and weights of the four lean cuts (P <.02) were lower in LG than in HG boars. No microscopic atherosclerotic plaques were observed in aorta or coronary arteries. Cholesterol concentration in subcutaneous fat was lower (P <.04) in LG boars, suggesting that cholesterol content of depot fat can be reduced by genetic selection in swine. |
| Responses of tissue ascorbic acid and of serum cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol, and ceruloplasmin in rats to dietary level of cystine Yang, B. S., T. Katayama, et al. (1993), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 39(5): 497-506. Abstract: The present study was conducted with growing rats to examine effects of addition of 0.3, 1.0, 2.5, and 5% L-cystine to 10 or 25% casein diet on tissue ascorbic acid and on serum cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol, and ceruloplasmin activity. Addition of 0.3-1% cystine to 10% casein diet caused the maximum growth and addition of 5% cystine to 25% casein diet depressed the growth. Increases in liver levels of ascorbic acid and in serum levels of cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol were observed with addition of 5% cystine to 10 and 25% casein diets as compared to the diets without addition of cystine. Addition of 0.3-5% cystine to 10% casein diet and addition of 5% cystine to 25% casein diet caused a decreased activity of serum ceruloplasmin. The changes in liver ascorbic acid, serum cholesterol, and serum alpha-tocopherol and in ceruloplasmin activity by dietary cystine correlated with the changes in liver levels of non-protein sulfhydryl. |
| Responsiveness to a self-administered diet history questionnaire in a work-site dietary intervention trial for mildly hypercholesterolemic Japanese subjects: correlation between change in dietary habits and serum cholesterol levels Sasaki, S., T. Ishikawa, et al. (1999), J Cardiol 33(6): 327-38. Abstract: Modification of lifestyle, especially of diet, is considered important for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Dietary assessment is generally too troublesome to use in a large number of subjects for prevention. We have therefore developed a self-administered diet history questionnaire (DHQ), an easier dietary assessment method than conventional methods, with reasonable validity for use in dietary intervention studies. Responsiveness, i.e., sensitivity to a change in a target variable, is one type of validity required for a dietary assessment method which is used for the evaluation of the effect of dietary interventions. We examined the responsiveness of the DHQ using the data from a 12-week work-site dietary intervention trial including 63(54 men and 9 women) mildly hypercholesterolemic Japanese (age range: 22-59 years, serum cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dl). Dietary habits were assessed by the DHQ before and after the trial. Pearson's correlation coefficients between the change in serum cholesterol and Keys score calculated from the dietary data were 0.33 and 0.32 (p < 0.01) with and without adjustment for possible confounding factors, respectively. Forty-two percent of the total variation of serum cholesterol change was explained by the initial serum cholesterol level, the change in body mass index, and the Keys score. The results suggest that the DHQ showed adequate responsiveness to the serum cholesterol change resulting from dietary intervention. |
| Restoration of the cholesterol metabolism in 3T3 cell lines derived from the sphingomyelinosis mouse (spm/spm) by transfer of a human chromosome 18 Kurimasa, A., K. Ohno, et al. (1993), Hum Genet 92(2): 157-62. Abstract: We searched for a human chromosome that would restore the cholesterol metabolism in 3T3 cell lines (SPM-3T3) derived from homozygous sphingomyelinosis mice (spm/spm). Mouse A9 cells containing a single copy of pSV2neo-tagged chromosomes 9, 11, or 18 derived from normal human fibroblasts served as donor cells for transfer of human chromosomes. Purified A9 microcells were fused with SPM-3T3 cells, and the microcell hybrids were selected in medium containing G418 antibiotics. The microcell hybrids that contained human chromosomes 9, 11, or 18 in a majority of cells were examined. The accumulation of intracellular cholesterol in the microcell hybrids containing a chromosome 18 decreased markedly, whereas in the microcell hybrids containing either chromosomes 9 or 11 it was similar to that in SPM-3T3 cells. The SPM-3T3 cells with an intact chromosome 18 were further passaged and subcloned. Clones which again accumulated intracellular cholesterol had concurrently lost the introduced chromosome 18. The abnormal accumulation was associated with a decrement in the esterification of exogenous cholesterol. These findings suggest that the gene responsible for the abnormal cholesterol metabolism in the spm/spm mice can be restored by a human chromosome 18. The gene was tentatively mapped on 18pter-->18p11.3 or 18q21.3-->qter that was lost during subcloning, thereby resulting in reaccumulation of the intracellular cholesterol. |
| Restricted fetal growth and the response to dietary cholesterol in the guinea pig Kind, K. L., P. M. Clifton, et al. (1999), Am J Physiol 277(6 Pt 2): R1675-82. Abstract: Epidemiological studies suggest that retarded growth before birth is associated with increased plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in adult life. Thus perturbations of prenatal growth may permanently alter cholesterol metabolism. To determine directly whether restriction of prenatal nutrition and growth alters postnatal cholesterol homeostasis, the plasma cholesterol response to cholesterol feeding (0.25% cholesterol) was examined in adult guinea pig offspring of ad libitum-fed or moderately undernourished mothers. Maternal undernutrition (85% ad libitum intake throughout pregnancy) reduced birth weight (-13%). Plasma total cholesterol was higher prior to and following 6 wk cholesterol feeding in male offspring of undernourished mothers compared with male offspring of ad libitum-fed mothers (P < 0.05). The influence of birth weight on cholesterol metabolism was examined by dividing the offspring into those whose birth weight was above (high) or below (low) the median birth weight. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations prior to cholesterol feeding did not differ with size at birth, but plasma total and LDL cholesterol were 31 and 34% higher, respectively, following cholesterol feeding in low- compared with high-birth weight males (P < 0.02). The response to cholesterol feeding in female offspring was not altered by variable maternal nutrition or size at birth. Covariate analysis showed that the effect of maternal undernutrition on adult cholesterol metabolism could be partly accounted for by alterations in prenatal growth. In conclusion, maternal undernutrition and small size at birth permanently alter postnatal cholesterol homeostasis in the male guinea pig. |
| Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the apolipoprotein B gene and response to dietary fat and cholesterol Abbey, M., F. Hirata, et al. (1995), Can J Cardiol 11 Suppl G: 79G-85G. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The relationship between response to dietary fat and cholesterol, and the EcoRI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the apolipoprotein B(apoB) gene was examined. DESIGN: Forty-nine free-living subjects took part in a prospective double-blind crossover dietary intervention study. The apoB EcoRI cutting site was present in five women and 18 men (E+) and absent in 15 women and 11 men (E-). INTERVENTION: Subjects consumed a low fat (25% energy), low cholesterol (less than 200 mg/day) diet. After two weeks on this background diet (baseline) subjects were randomly assigned to consume a liquid supplement for three weeks which was either fat and cholesterol free or which contained fat (30 to 36 g) and cholesterol (650 to 780 mg). After the first three-week period subjects switched to the other supplement. Blood samples were collected for plasma lipid analysis after an overnight fast on two consecutive days at the end of baseline and on three consecutive days after each three-week supplement period. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in response to diet between the RFLP groups. Changes in plasma total, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein(HDL), HDL2 and HDL3 cholesterol or plasma triglyceride were not different between the two RFLP groups. There was a significant difference between RFLP groups for baseline HDL2-cholesterol (0.31 +/- 0.04 and 0.16 +/- 0.02 mmol/L for E- and E+ subjects, respectively) which was independent of sex and apoE genotype (P = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the EcoRI RFLP of the apoB gene is not associated with response to dietary fat and cholesterol. |
| Results from a practice-based lipid clinic model in achieving low density lipoprotein cholesterol goals Thomas, H. D., C. Maynard, et al. (2003), N C Med J 64(6): 263-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Lipid clinic models that combine diet and drug therapy have shown significantly better hyperlipidemia management than usual care. The objective is to demonstrate that such a model can be established and utilized in a primary care practice, replicating the results obtained in specialty clinic settings. DESIGN: This study evaluated a "lipid clinic" model for cholesterol management in a primary care setting. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Men and women for both the study and control groups were selected from those with abnormal lipid profiles determined during the course of routine healthcare in community internal medicine group practices. INTERVENTION: Control subjects are those selected by chart review from the practices of four general internists. These physicians treated their patients according to "usual practice". Study subjects are those from another general internal medicine practice who volunteered to enroll in that practice-based "lipid clinic". MEASUREMENT & RESULTS: This program demonstrated significant reductions in total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, and patients without coronary heart disease defined as high and low risk. It used a specialty clinic-based intervention that included diet, medication, and follow-up by nurses and physicians. Almost 90% of all patients were on appropriate drug therapy and achieved therapeutic goals. CONCLUSION: We believe that a primary care practice-based, lipid clinic model employing physician involvement, diet, maximal drug therapy and patient tracking can result in superior achievement of treatment goals. |
| Results of a province-wide quality assurance program assessing the accuracy of cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in Ontario, using fresh human serum McQueen, M. J., A. R. Henderson, et al. (1991), Arch Pathol Lab Med 115(12): 1217-22. Abstract: To evaluate laboratory performance, eight to 13 samples of fresh human serum from volunteers were sent to 250 laboratories in the Canadian province of Ontario licensed to perform lipid analysis. Fresh human specimens were used because of potential matrix effects with processed materials. We show that on all survey samples, 71% (range, 63% to 82%) of participating laboratories are within +/- 5% of the target cholesterol value and that 93% are within +/- 10%. The goal of the National Cholesterol Education Program for 1992 is total error of no more than +/- 9% for 95% of results. The unblanked triglycerides results show that on all samples 40% (14% to 59%) of participants are within +/- 5% and 68% (range, 31% to 86%) are within +/- 10% of the target value. For triglycerides results from 0.9 to 2.0 mmol/L, 80% or more are within +/- 0.2 mmol/L. Between 2.0 and 3.0 mmol/L, 90% are within +/- 0.3 mmol/L of the target values. For high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, for all samples 35% (range, 24% to 50%) of laboratories are within +/- 5% and 68% (range, 55% to 88%) are within +/- 10%. A range of 80% to 95% of participants are within +/- 0.2 mmol/L of the target values. For calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 51% and 62% of the laboratories surveyed are within +/- 5%, with 83% and 89% within +/- 10% of the target values. We conclude that the laboratory measurement of lipids is approaching the degree of accuracy and precision required for clinical purposes, and that the use of fresh human serum samples is a viable approach to their proficiency testing. |