Cholesterol Journal Articles

Record 11521 to 11540

Serum cholesterol. Doing the right thing
Stamler, J., R. Stamler, et al. (1993), Circulation 88(4 Pt 1): 1954-60.

Serum cholesterol: attitudes and behavior of family practice residents
Kelly, R. B., O. Velez-Holvino, et al. (1991), J Fam Pract 33(3): 259-65.
Abstract: BACKGROUND. Given the current health promotion efforts regarding coronary artery disease, more information is needed about residents' attitudes and behaviors that relate to identification and management of patients with elevated serum cholesterol levels. METHODS. Family practice residents from eight US programs (N = 128) were surveyed in 1989 to assess their attitudes and reported practice patterns. Resident survey data were compared, when feasible, to published data from 1986 and 1990 surveys of practicing physicians performed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. RESULTS. The use of faculty "key contacts" resulted in a 90% response rate (N = 115). Both residents and practicing physicians attributed a high degree of importance to cholesterol as a risk factor. Residents reported more frequent routine screening of middle-aged men than the routine screening rate of practicing physicians in 1986 (P less than.01). Residents reported less frequent screening of younger and older adults than of middle-aged men (P less than.001). Residents' threshold for the use of cholesterol-lowering medication was lower than that of practicing physicians surveyed in 1986, but higher than that of physicians surveyed in 1990. Compared with practicing physicians, residents did not believe they were as well prepared to counsel patients about dietary change or as successful when they tried to help patients make changes; residents reported a significantly higher rate of referral to dietitians (P less than.01). CONCLUSIONS. Residents may need more education regarding screening guidelines for children and young adults. A health promotion skills gap may exist that explains reported discrepancies between self-report and actual behavior and indicates that residency educators may need to pay more attention to fostering dietary assessment and counseling skills in their residents.

Serum cholesterol--risk factor for coronary disease mortality in younger and older blacks and whites. The Charleston Heart Study, 1960-1988
Keil, J. E., S. E. Sutherland, et al. (1992), Ann Epidemiol 2(1-2): 93-9.
Abstract: Serum total cholesterol (> or = 6.7 mmol/L) measured in 1960 in the Charleston Heart Study cohort was found to be a risk for mortality from coronary heart disease during the period of 1960 to 1988 in white men (relative risk RR 1.5; 95% confidence interval CI: 1.1, 2.2), white women (RR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.7), and black women (RR 1.6; 95% CI.9, 2.9) after age, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, education level, obesity, and diabetes were considered. For black men, the relative risk was.96 (95% CI.39, 2.39). Only among white women was the relative risk (RR 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2, 4.5) increased among those in the older ages (55 to 74) in 1960. The evidence for cholesterol as a risk factor for coronary disease mortality in black men is inconclusive and requires further study.

Serum concentration and metabolism of cholesterol during rapeseed oil and squalene feeding
Miettinen, T. A. and H. Vanhanen (1994), Am J Clin Nutr 59(2): 356-63.
Abstract: The effect of rapeseed oil with and without added squalene was studied on serum lipids and cholesterol metabolism. Dietary rapeseed oil reduced LDL cholesterol by 10%, increased cholesterol precursors and plant sterols, and decreased cholestanol in serum during a 6-wk baseline period from initial values. Addition of 1 g squalene in rapeseed oil for 9 wk caused net increases in serum total, VLDL-, IDL-, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations by 12%, 34%, 28%, and 12%, respectively; squalene by five times; and cholesterol precursor sterols by up to 60%. Fecal squalene was 15% of the dietary intake, cholesterol absorption was unchanged, fecal neutral sterols were significantly increased, whereas, in contrast to the precursor sterols, the increase in cholesterol synthesis was insignificant. LDL apolipoprotein B was increased by 14% with unchanged removal but enhanced transport of LDL apolipoprotein B. A negative correlation between the changes in LDL apolipoprotein B removal and LDL cholesterol suggests that LDL receptor activity was down-regulated, allowing more of the LDL precursor lipoproteins to be converted to LDL. A subsequent 6-wk period on 0.5 g squalene/d normalized serum sterols.

Serum concentration of retinol, beta-carotene, cholesterol, and triglycerides in Saudi school children
al Senaidy, A. M. (2000), J Trop Pediatr 46(3): 163-7.
Abstract: Vitamin A and beta-carotene are often considered as members of a family of antioxidant vitamins that can show protective effects against oxidative stress and some chronic diseases. Data on vitamin A and beta-carotene status in Saudi children are sparse. In the current study the serum concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene, cholesterol and triglycerides were determined in 500 healthy Saudi children aged 6 to more than 18 years. The study group consisted of 247 (49.4 per cent) females and 253 (50.6 per cent) males, living in the Riyadh area of Saudi Arabia. The serum retinol levels in all age groups were within the range reported from industrial countries and in all age groups the mean values were higher than the critical level of 0.2 microgram/ml. No significant difference in serum retinol levels was observed between male and female subjects (p > 0.05), but age was found to be an important covariant of the vitamin. The mean serum beta-carotene concentration in all age groups was significantly higher than previously reported which may suggest an improvement in Saudi children's diets, notably in respect to fruit and vegetable intake. Females seemed to retain a higher level of beta-carotene compared to males which confirmed earlier reports of a positive correlation between age and the beta-carotene level in females. Only males in the age group 6-8.9 years old had a significantly higher level of beta-carotene than their female counterparts; 11.95 +/- 5.85 micrograms/ml compared to 8.53 +/- 3.5 micrograms/ml (p < 0.05).

Serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and leptin in obese patients with normal serum cholesterol
Vierhapper, H., G. Heinze, et al. (2003), Metabolism 52(3): 379-81.
Abstract: Normal (< 200 mg/dL) serum concentrations of cholesterol and a favorable ratio of cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol are frequently seen in morbidly obese (body mass index BMI > 35 kg/m2) patients. Because it is unknown whether this subgroup is characterized by differences in other potential markers of cardiovascular disease, serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and leptin were determined in 155 obese patients (BMI > 35 kg/m2, aged 20 to 50 years) with normal (n = 72) or with elevated (n = 83) total serum cholesterol. We found that seemingly negative marginal correlations between serum concentrations of DHEAS and cholesterol, as well as between DHEAS and the ratio cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol, were not any more apparent after correction for age, sex, and BMI. A negative correlation between serum leptin concentrations and the ratio cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol persisted after correction for age, sex, and BMI. In morbid obesity, there appears to be an association between serum concentrations of leptin and a more favorable lipid profile, whereas there is no direct interrelation between serum concentrations of cholesterol and DHEAS.

Serum fatty acid composition in primary school children is associated with serum cholesterol levels and dietary fat intake
Cheng, H. H., Y. Y. Wen, et al. (2003), Eur J Clin Nutr 57(12): 1613-20.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the serum fatty acid composition, serum cholesterol levels, and dietary fat intake associated with body composition in primary school children of both urban and rural regions in Taiwan. DESIGN: Subjects were randomly stratified by region and primary school. The sample consisted of 870 children aged 10 and 11 y old. The sample was equally distributed between an urban region (Kaohsiung City) and a rural region (Yunlin County). The gender ratio of samples from each area was matched. Food record-assisted 24-h dietary recalls and serum lipid measurements were collected for each child, and associations between serum total cholesterol (TC) and fatty acids composition as well as between body mass index (BMI) and triceps skinfold (TSF) were evaluated for both urban and rural regions. RESULTS: Compared with students in the urban region, those in the rural region had significantly lower total fat intake, BMI, TSF, TC, and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and higher HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P<0.05). Increased total fat (P<0.05) as a proportion of total energy was associated with increased TC and LDL-C. Lauric, myristic, and oleic acid levels in the serum of urban boys were significantly higher (P=0.0001, 0.0003, and 0.0398, respectively) than those of rural boys. In girls, the different fatty acid compositions affected TC concentrations, and palmitic and stearic acids of serum in the high-TC group were significantly lower (P=0.0179 and 0.0001, respectively) than those in the low-TC group. CONCLUSIONS: Urban children had a dietary fat intake that both quantitatively and qualitatively differed from the traditional rural Chinese diet in Taiwan as reflected in rural children. Consumption of total fat was positively associated with BMI, TSF, TC, and LDL-C levels in Taiwanese children aged 10 and 11 y. SPONSORSHIP: This study was partly sponsored by a research grant from the Department of Health, Taiwan, ROC.

Serum ferritin concentration is associated with plasma levels of cholesterol oxidation products in man
Tuomainen, T. P., U. Diczfalusy, et al. (2003), Free Radic Biol Med 35(8): 922-8.
Abstract: Cholesterol oxidation products, oxysterols, are thought to play a part in the initiation and development of human atherosclerotic lesions. Excessive body iron has been suggested to promote atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease through its pro-oxidative properties. In the present study, the associations between serum ferritin and plasma oxysterol concentrations were examined in 669 eastern Finnish men. Serum ferritin concentration had statistically significant (p <.05) direct correlations with most of the measured oxysterols. In multivariate adjusted regression models, serum ferritin concentration predicted significantly the levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.13, p <.001), 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.11, p =.005), 25-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.10, p =.007), 7-ketocholesterol (beta = 0.10, p =.009), and 7beta-hydroxycholesterol (beta = 0.10, p =.02). In conclusion, excess body iron, as assessed by serum ferritin, is associated with increased levels of circulating oxysterols, both of enzymatic and nonenzymatic origin, in man.

Serum HDL cholesterol concentration in patients with squamous cell and small cell lung cancer
Siemianowicz, K., J. Gminski, et al. (2000), Int J Mol Med 6(3): 307-11.
Abstract: Cancer patients often present altered serum lipid profile including changes of HDL cholesterol level. The aim of our work was to evaluate serum level of HDL cholesterol in patients with squamous cell and small cell lung cancer and its dependence on histological type and clinical stage of lung cancer. Fasting serum level of HDL cholesterol was analysed in 135 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and compared to a control group of healthy men. All lung cancer patients, as well as subgroups of squamous cell and small cell lung cancer had statistically significantly lower HDL cholesterol concentration than controls. There were no statistically significant differences of HDL cholesterol level between the histological types or between clinical stages of each histological type of lung cancer.

Serum HDL cholesterol values are associated with apoB-containing lipoprotein metabolism and triglyceride-body fat interrelation in young Japanese men
Kazumi, T., A. Kawaguchi, et al. (1997), Atherosclerosis 130(1-2): 93-100.
Abstract: Serum levels of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, apolipoprotein (apo) AI, ApoB, ApoE and body fat were measured in 226 fasting male Japanese college students aged 18 to 20 years. They were normolipidemic (total cholesterol: 169 +/- 31 mg/dl, triglyceride: 56 +/- 25 mg/dl) and their HDL cholesterol concentrations were high (61 +/- 13 mg/dl). An HDL cholesterol value < 35 mg/dl was observed in only one student (0.4%). In contrast, 112 men (49.6%) had an HDL cholesterol level > or = 60 mg/dl. Even in this normolipidemic group, as compared with students in a top HDL cholesterol tertile (HDL cholesterol; 75 +/- 9 mg/dl), students in a lower HDL cholesterol tertile (HDL cholesterol; 48 +/- 5 mg/dl) had significantly increased serum levels of LDL cholesterol (103 +/- 30 vs. 91 +/- 26 mg/dl), triglyceride (68 +/- 30 vs. 45 +/- 16 mg/dl) and apoB (83 +/- 20 vs 73 +/- 17 mg/dl). In addition, they had greater body mass index (23.2 +/- 3.6 vs. 20.6 +/- 2.5 kg/m2) and greater percent body fat (20.2 +/- 6.2 vs. 16.2 +/- 4.2%) determined using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer. HDL cholesterol levels were much more strongly related to triglyceride (r = -0.37) than was apoAI (r = -0.13). In stepwise multiple regression analysis in 184 nonsmokers, apoE, apoB and fat mass explained 21% of apoAI variability. Triglyceride in addition to these three parameters explained 41% of HDL cholesterol variability. These results suggest that serum levels of HDL cholesterol are associated with metabolism of apoB-containing lipoproteins as well as triglyceride-body fat interrelationship.

Serum HDL cholesterol: should it be routinely measured?
Dimmitt, S. B. and G. F. Watts (1995), Med J Aust 163(8): 425-7.
Abstract: HDL cholesterol is only one of many risk factors which can be used to predict coronary disease events, and the relationship between the benefits of lipid-lowering strategies and changes in HDL levels is, at present quite unclear.

Serum HDL-cholesterol in patients with breast carcinoma
Araki, E. and H. Yamamoto (1992), Rinsho Byori 40(3): 326-8.
Abstract: To extend our previous findings on lipid metabolism in breast carcinoma, serum levels of cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in 144 patients with breast carcinoma, 64 patients with cervix carcinoma, 52 patients with benign breast diseases and 83 healthy females were determined. Blood samples, obtained from patients with carcinoma of the breast and the cervix, were taken prior to radical surgery and at the time of sampling, none of them had received chemotherapy and/or total intravenous nutritional therapy. No significance was observed in the serum levels of cholesterol between the patients with carcinoma, benign diseases and healthy females. The serum levels of HDL-cholesterol, measured by the heparin-calcium-nickel precipitation method were lower among the patients with breast carcinoma than among the patients with cervix carcinoma and healthy females. The mean values and S.D.s of serum HDL-cholesterol of the patients in stage I (23), II (35) and (7) were 42.0 +/- 14.7, 36. 4 +/- 13.1 and 28.7 +/- 9.5 mg/100 ml, respectively, exhibiting a tendency to decrease with the increase in malignancy.

Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, metabolic profile, and breast cancer risk
Furberg, A. S., M. B. Veierod, et al. (2004), J Natl Cancer Inst 96(15): 1152-60.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (obesity, glucose intolerance, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol HDL-C, high serum triglycerides, hypertension) is high and increasing in parallel with an increasing breast cancer incidence worldwide. HDL-C represents an important aspect of the syndrome, yet its role in breast cancer is still undefined. METHODS: In two population-based screening surveys during 1977-1983 and 1985-1987, serum HDL-C was assayed enzymatically among 38,823 Norwegian women aged 17-54 years at entry. Height, weight, blood pressure, serum lipids, fat and energy intake, physical activity, parity, oral contraceptive use, hormone therapy use, alcohol intake, and tobacco use were also assessed. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling to estimate the relative risk (RR) of breast cancer associated with serum HDL-C levels and to adjust for potential confounding variables. We performed stratified analyses to evaluate effect modification by body mass index (BMI) and menopausal status. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 17.2 years, we identified 708 cases of invasive breast cancer. In multivariable analysis, the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer was inversely related to quartile of HDL-C (P(trend) =.02). Among women with HDL-C above 1.64 mmol/L (highest quartile) versus below 1.20 mmol/L (lowest quartile), the relative risk was 0.75 (95% confidence interval CI = 0.58 to 0.97). The HDL-C association was confined to women in the heavier subgroup (BMI > or =25 kg/m2), for whom the relative risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in those with HDL-C above 1.64 mmol/L versus below 1.20 mmol/L was 0.43 (95% CI = 0.28 to 0.67; P(trend)<.001; P(interaction) =.001). CONCLUSION: Low HDL-C, as part of the metabolic syndrome, is associated with increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk.

Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels modify the association between plasma levels of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein and coronary artery disease in men
Zhang, B., H. Bai, et al. (2004), Metabolism 53(4): 423-9.
Abstract: We investigated the association among plasma levels of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in a case-control study. Cases (n = 183, male M/female F:138/45, age: 64.9 +/- 10.6 years) were defined as patients with angiographically proven coronary atherosclerosis (>/=50% stenosis) and controls were subjects with normal coronary arteries (n = 74, M/F:36/38, age: 57.6 +/- 14.4 years). Plasma Ox-LDL levels were measured by a sensitive detection method using the monoclonal antibody DLH3. In women, both Ox-LDL and lipid variables were similar between cases and controls. In men, cases had significantly lower (P <.05) levels of HDL-C (39.1 +/- 10.3 v 42.8 +/- 10.9 mg/dL) and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I than controls, while the difference in Ox-LDL between cases and controls was not significant (1.05 +/- 0.79 and 0.83 +/- 0.65 ng/10 microg LDL protein, respectively). However, HDL-C levels interacted with the association between Ox-LDL levels and CAD in males: increased Ox-LDL levels were significantly associated with CAD after controlling for age when HDL-C levels were high, but were not associated with CAD when HDL-C levels were low, as assessed by a multiple logistic regression analysis. In addition, the combination of HDL-C and Ox-LDL levels was a better indicator for CAD in males than HDL-C levels alone (-2 log likelihood, 24.1 v 19.4) after controlling for age and conventional risk factors of CAD, while Ox-LDL levels were not significantly associated with CAD. HDL-C levels interact with the association between plasma Ox-LDL levels and CAD in men, and increased Ox-LDL levels are an indicator of CAD in male subjects with high HDL-C levels.

Serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity, hs-CRP, LDL cholesterol and magnesium in children; new reference intervals using the Dade Dimension Clinical Chemistry System
Soldin, O. P., L. H. Bierbower, et al. (2004), Clin Chim Acta 342(1-2): 211-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: We studied serum/Plasma iron, ferritin, transferrin concentrations, and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) in addition to highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and magnesium concentrations in a population of 800 in- and outpatients and defined new 95% reference intervals for pediatrics using the Dade Behring RxL Dimension Clinical Chemistry System. METHODS: Plasma/serum concentrations of the above analytes were determined on patient samples accrued from January to June 2003 and the data were analyzed employing a computer adapted Hoffmann approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: New pediatric reference intervals on the Dade RxL Dimension were obtained for serum iron, ferritin, transferrin, TIBC, hs-CRP, LDL-cholesterol and magnesium. This work represents the first hs-CRP data for children <3 years old. The values for all the analytes were established on new data (n=800). These values are new for hs-CRP and LDL cholesterol, while for iron, ferritin and magnesium these intervals are more reliable than those previously published by our group which had used regression equations on samples measured by the old (Vitros/Immuno1) methods for which intervals were available.

Serum lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities and serum cholesterol level in bone marrow blood
Cucuianu, A., I. Trif, et al. (1996), Rom J Intern Med 34(3-4): 173-82.
Abstract: Serum cholesterol level as well as serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were measured in 65 samples of bone marrow blood and in matched peripheral blood taken from patients with various hematological diseases. As expected, serum LDH activities were higher and serum total cholesterol levels were lower in the bone marrow blood than in the blood taken from the cubital vein. More interestingly, an important increase of heat-labile ALP, but not of serum GGT, was found in the bone marrow blood obtained from patients characterized by a proliferating bone marrow. Actually, both LDH and ALP activities were obviously higher in the bone marrow blood of patients with megaloblastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myeloid leukemia than in samples taken from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, a disease characterized by a slower proliferation rate. While the expected increased LDH activity is the result of an accelerated turnover of bone marrow cells implying the release of this enzyme from the dividing and/or decaying cells, the much higher activity of the heat-labile alkaline phosphatase found in the bone marrow blood would reflect an enhanced local remodeling of bone structures, probably related to an expanded proliferating bone marrow. The lower serum cholesterol level in the bone marrow blood could be subsequent to an enhanced uptake of low density lipoproteins by specific receptors on the bone marrow cells.

Serum lathosterol levels in human subjects reflect changes in whole body cholesterol synthesis induced by lovastatin but not dietary cholesterol
Duane, W. C. (1995), J Lipid Res 36(2): 343-8.
Abstract: We measured serum lathosterol levels and whole body cholesterol synthesis by sterol balance in 12 human subjects on a metabolic ward in four randomly allocated, 6-7 week periods: 1) lovastatin (40 mg b.i.d.) + low cholesterol diet (mean 246 mg/day); 2) lovastatin + high cholesterol diet (mean 1071 mg/day); 3) low cholesterol diet alone; and 4) high cholesterol diet alone. Whole body cholesterol synthesis was significantly reduced both by lovastatin (P = 0.0004) and by high dietary cholesterol (P = 0.0005). Serum total lathosterol (micrograms/dl) was reduced by lovastatin (P < 0.0001), but was not significantly altered (and actually tended to increase) during consumption of the high cholesterol diet, presumably because eggs contained appreciable lathosterol as demonstrated by direct analysis. Results were similar for total versus free lathosterol and for lathosterol expressed as micrograms/dl serum versus micrograms/100 mg cholesterol. We conclude that serum lathosterol does not reflect changes in cholesterol synthesis induced by dietary cholesterol. Studies using serum lathosterol as an indicator of cholesterol synthesis must be carefully controlled for dietary cholesterol.

Serum LDL cholesterol concentration and lipoprotein electrophoresis pattern in patients with small cell lung cancer
Siemianowicz, K., J. Gminski, et al. (2000), Int J Mol Med 5(1): 55-7.
Abstract: Epidemiological studies show that people with low level of total cholesterol have a greater risk of death due to cancer, predominantly lung cancer. The aim of our study was to evaluate serum level of LDL cholesterol and lipoprotein electrophoresis pattern in patients with small cell lung cancer and their dependence on clinical stage of the neoplasm. The studied group consisted of 34 patients with newly diagnosed small cell lung cancer and 39 healthy controls. Fasting level of LDL cholesterol was analyzed and lipoprotein electrophoresis was performed. There were no statistically significant differences of evaluated serum lipid parameters between lung cancer patients and controls, and between the clinical stages of small cell lung cancer.

Serum leptin and cholesterol levels in patients with bipolar disorder
Atmaca, M., M. Kuloglu, et al. (2002), Neuropsychobiology 46(4): 176-9.
Abstract: Low cholesterol levels have been reported in patients with manic episodes. Leptin seems to be strongly associated with lipid metabolism. In the present study, therefore, serum total cholesterol and leptin levels were compared in 16 patients with manic episodes, 16 with bipolar I disorder in full remission and 16 healthy controls. The serum total cholesterol and leptin levels were measured and Young Mania Rating (YMRS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scales (HAM-D) were administered for each subject. Both the patients with manic episodes and the patients with bipolar I disorder in full remission had markedly low serum cholesterol and leptin levels compared with controls, though the difference was more obvious in patients with manic episodes. In addition, there were negative correlations between YMRS scores and serum cholesterol or leptin levels in the patients with manic episodes. Our results suggest that the patients with manic episodes and those with bipolar I disorder in full remission seem to be associated with decreased serum cholesterol and leptin levels.

Serum leptin and cholesterol levels in schizophrenic patients with and without suicide attempts
Atmaca, M., M. Kuloglu, et al. (2003), Acta Psychiatr Scand 108(3): 208-14.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Previous studies demonstrate a relationship between lipid metabolism and suicide or impulsive-aggressive behaviours. Leptin seems to be related with lipid metabolism. Therefore, the aim was to measure total serum cholesterol and leptin levels in 16 medication-free schizophrenic patients with and without suicide attempts and in 16 healthy controls. METHOD: Subjects were assessed by using Impulsivity Rating (IRS) and Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS). RESULTS: The patients had lower total cholesterol and leptin levels in serum compared with the controls. Significantly lower total cholesterol and leptin levels were observed in patients who had attempted suicide compared with those who had not. The levels were observed to be low in violent attempters when compared with non-violent attempters. MOAS and IRS scores were negatively correlated with both cholesterol or leptin levels in patients. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that medication-free schizophrenic patients have statistically significant lower serum cholesterol and leptin levels compared with controls and the difference is obvious in suicide attempters compared with non-suicide attempters and in violent attempters than non-violent attempters.

Cholesterol Articles and Abstracts

Cholesterol Journal Articles