| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Studies on the lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase substrate properties of HDL as determined by its subclass distribution analysed by gradient gel electrophoresis Karpe, F., J. Johansson, et al. (1990), Biochim Biophys Acta 1042(3): 310-4. Abstract: In order to study the impact of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) subclasses on the ability of HDL to act as substrate for lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), we isolated HDL from nine normolipidemic male subjects. The HDL particle size distribution was analysed by gradient gel electrophoresis and the esterification rate of the isolated homologous HDL was compared with a pool of HDL where all the nine subjects took part. It was found that the strongest determinant for HDL cholesterol esterification rate was the inhibitory action of HDL subclass 2B. |
| Studies on the mechanism of accumulation of cholesterol in the gallbladder mucosa. Evidence that sterol 27-hydroxylase is not a pathogenetic factor Stromsten, A., S. von Bahr, et al. (2004), J Hepatol 40(1): 8-13. Abstract: BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cholesterolosis is characterized by accumulation of esterified cholesterol in human gallbladder mucosa. The present study aimed at investigating possible pathogenetic factors for cholesterolosis. The hypothesis was tested that a reduced sterol 27-hydroxylase or an increased amount of ACAT-1 enzyme may be of importance. METHODS: Gall bladder mucosa and bile were obtained from patients with cholesterol gallstones undergoing cholecystectomy (30 with and 43 without cholesterolosis). RESULTS: In cholesterolosis, the gall bladder mucosa was characterized by a several-fold increase in esterified cholesterol and normal content of free cholesterol. The amount of ACAT-1 protein, measured by immunoblotting, was similar in patients with and without cholesterolosis. The level of 27-hydroxycholesterol in gallbladder mucosa was elevated sevenfold as compared with cholesterol in patients with cholesterolosis. Most (87%) of this oxysterol was esterified and the accumulation is most probably secondary to the higher total amount of cholesterol in the cells. Patients with cholesterolosis had normal levels of both sterol 27-hydroxylase mRNA (real time polymerase chain reaction) and protein (immunoblotting). The enzymatic activity of the sterol 27-hydroxylase in gallbladder mucosa was normal or increased in cholesterolosis. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of cholesterolosis may be multifactorial, but is not caused by reduced efflux of cholesterol due to a defect sterol 27-hydroxylase mechanism. |
| Studies on the plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols in chronic methemoglobinemia in rats Hristova, A., D. Iluchev, et al. (1992), Folia Med (Plovdiv) 34(2): 5-8. Abstract: Plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols were measured in rats with modelled chronic two-stage (mild and moderate) intermittent nitrite methemoglobinemia for 15 and 30 days. It was found that at the moment of methemoglobinemic peak (60 +/- 10 min) the experimental animals had mixed (hemtoxic, anemic and hypoxic) hypoxemia. The every day "pulse" decrease of the total oxygen concentration during the 30-day methemoglobinemia was accompanied with a significant rise (p < 0.05) of cholesterol concentrations in the high-density lipoproteins and the total cholesterol, as well as a decrease in the amount of triacylglycerols. These changes are considered to represent the side effects of adaptation for whose elucidation further research is needed. |
| Study from Navarra. Hyperlipidemia II. Variations according to age and sex in the average cholesterol level, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in an infant-child population Elcarte Lopez, R., I. Villa Elizaga, et al. (1993), An Esp Pediatr 38(2): 159-66. Abstract: As part of an epidemiological study on cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents in Navarra, lipids and lipoproteins were analysed in 5,829 children. The study group was selected at random from the school population in our community and included students of both sexes between 4 and 17 years of age. In this article we describe the variations from 4 to 10 years of age in both sexes and decrease from that age on. Among males older than 14, they continue decreasing, while they become stable in females. For this reason, values during childhood are higher than during adolescence in both sexes, and within this period, males show lower levels than girls. Variations in LDL serum levels according to age and sex are similar to those recorded with cholesterol. The triglyceride serum levels increase in line with age among boys. With girls, something similar happens until they are 13. Starting from this age, there is an inversion showing lower levels than the male adolescents. In both sexes, levels during adolescence are higher than during childhood. |
| Study of carbon nanotube modified biosensor for monitoring total cholesterol in blood Li, G., J. M. Liao, et al. (2005), Biosens Bioelectron 20(10): 2140-4. Abstract: A carbon nanotube modified biosensor for monitoring total cholesterol in blood was studied. This sensor consists of a carbon working electrode and a reference electrode screen-printed on a polycarbonate substrate. Cholesterol esterase, cholesterol oxidase, peroxidase and potassium ferrocyanide were immobilized on the screen-printed carbon electrodes. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCN) were added to prompt electron transfer. Experimental results show that the carbon nanotube modified biosensor offers a reliable calibration profile and stable electrochemical properties. |
| Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists (SCRIP): a randomized trial design of the effect of a community pharmacist intervention program on serum cholesterol risk Tsuyuki, R. T., J. A. Johnson, et al. (1999), Ann Pharmacother 33(9): 910-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of a program of intervention by pharmacists on lipid risk management in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. METHODS: Randomized, multicenter (44 sites in Alberta and Saskatchewan) study of community pharmacist intervention versus usual care in 1000 patients. Patients are those at high risk of vascular events (existing atherosclerotic vascular disease, or diabetes with > or = 1 other risk factor). After obtaining consent, the pharmacist calls the Project Office to randomize. Patients allocated to intervention receive a brochure and education about cardiovascular risk factors. Pharmacists also complete a physician contact form, which lists the patient's risk factors, medications, and any recommendations. A point-of-care cholesterol test is performed, the result is discussed with the patient, and it is entered on the contact form. If appropriate, the patient is asked to see his or her primary care physician for further assessment and/or treatment, and the form is faxed to the physician. Patients are followed up at two, four, eight, 12, and 16 weeks. During follow-up visits, pharmacists provide educational reinforcement and check for primary end point occurrence. Patients allocated to usual care receive the brochure only, with minimal follow-up. The primary end point is a composite of measurement of a complete lipid panel by the physician, or addition or modification of lipid-lowering drug therapy. Substudies will evaluate economics (third-party payer and pharmacy manager perspective), patient satisfaction, and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: SCRIP (Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists) is a unique ongoing trial that is evaluating a community pharmacist intervention designed to optimize cholesterol risk management in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. |
| Study of chiral recognition of bilayered phosphatidylcholine vesicles using a helicene probe: characteristic function of cholesterol Nakagawa, H., M. Yoshida, et al. (2003), Chirality 15(8): 703-8. Abstract: Incorporated into bilayered chiral phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles, 2-hydroxymethyl5thiaheterohelicene (5HM) having a labile helix that functioned as a chirality probe, exhibited induced CD absorptions. The Cotton effects of these absorptions demonstrated opposite signs according to the difference in chirality of PC applied, indicating the chiral recognition of the vesicles. The vesicles formed by PCs with unsaturation or acyl chains shorter than dipalmitoyl-PC (DPPC) exhibited a slightly stronger CD absorptions of 5HM, presumably because of an increase in the constraint by the vesicles. The phenomenon that an increase in fluidity results in a decrease in the CD intensity was examined by CD measurements at various temperatures. The vesicles formed with egg lecithin and bovine heart lecithin also induced CD absorptions of 5HM similar to those of (L)PC vesicles. The influence of cholesterol (Cho) and four kinds of analogs with different structures at the 3- or 5-position of a Cho molecule on the CD intensities was investigated. Following addition of Cho, the CD intensities of 5HM decreased slightly in the (L)DPPC vesicles and increased moderately in the (D)DPPC vesicles. On the other hand, by addition of Cho analogs the CD intensities of 5HM were nearly unchanged in (L)DPPC vesicles and weakened moderately in the (D)DPPC vesicles. |
| Study of garlic extracts and fractions on cholesterol plasma levels and vascular reactivity in cholesterol-fed rats Slowing, K., P. Ganado, et al. (2001), J Nutr 131(3s): 994S-9S. Abstract: Garlic is known for its pharmacologic and nutritional properties. In previous studies, garlic elicited a reduction in plasma levels of lipids by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate in an in vivo model the effects of garlic extract and some fractions on cholesterol levels and vascular reactivity in cholesterol-fed rats. Rats were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet for 16 wk and were divided into 10 groups as follows: control and hypercholesterolemic diet groups, 4 groups fed frozen garlic fractions and 4 groups fed raw garlic fractions with different doses. Blood samples were obtained to analyze HDL and LDL cholesterol levels. After treatment, rats were killed. The heart, liver and kidneys were weighed; the aorta was isolated, mounted in organ chambers and vascular reactivity was tested. Plasma concentration of cholesterol was 58 mg/dL (100%) at the beginning of the study and increased to 102 mg/dL (153%; hypercholesterolemic group) at the end of the treatment. Plasma total cholesterol decreased in all groups treated with garlic; moreover, this effect was higher in rats fed raw garlic fractions and extracts. LDL decreased significantly with respect to the hypercholesterolemic group in all groups treated with garlic fractions and extracts (P: < 0.01); however, an increase in HDL was found in those treated with frozen fractions and extracts. The liver:body weight ratio decreased in all treated groups. The relaxing effect of acetylcholine (ACh) was enhanced in arteries contracted with noradrenaline (NE). These data suggest that garlic fractions could prevent diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and vascular alterations in the endothelium-dependent relaxation associated with atherosclerosis. |
| Study of HDL2-dependent synthesis of bile acids in culture of rabbit hepatocytes: effects of oxidized cholesterol derivatives Novikov, D. K., V. A. Kosykh, et al. (1990), Biull Eksp Biol Med 110(9): 267-9. Abstract: The effect of individual oxysterols--products of auto-oxidation of cholesterol on bile acid synthesis by cultivated rabbit hepatocytes was studied. Relative rates of bile acid synthesis were measured as the conversion of 4-14C cholesterol-HDL2 into total 4-14C labeled bile acids. 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol and 3,5-cholestane-7-dione strongly inhibited bile acid synthesis at concentrations 1-10 micrograms/ml. These data support the hypothesis that oxidized cholesterol derivatives accelerate the development of hypercholesterolemia in rabbits fed on cholesterol containing diet. |
| Study of the de novo synthesis of cholesterol in the rat liver: a newly developed radiotracer technique, "TLC-autoradioluminography" Okuyama, M., M. Tsunogai, et al. (1995), Biol Pharm Bull 18(11): 1467-71. Abstract: A possible evaluation technique was devised for examing timely cholesterol synthetic activity in the rat liver. The principle of the technique is to measure the incorporation rate of 14C atoms into a few target metabolites excreted in bile with time after an intraportal injection of 1,2-14C acetate to the conscious rats. The measuring technique, TLC-autoradioluminography (TLC-ARLG), was devised for much more accurate, quantitative, simple and quick ultramicroanalysis of radioactive metabolites than ever before. Practically, a few microliters of the bile samples were analyzed by TLC before recording of a 2-dimensional radioactive image on the TLC plate. The incorporation ratio of 14C into cholesterol to succinic acid (C/S ratio) varied such that the value found in a 24-h fasting group was less than one-tenth of that in a sufficiently fed control group. For use as an antihyperglycemic drug, the bile C/S ratio in the nicotinic-acid-dosed group was approximately one-fifth of that in the control group. |
| Study of the effect of lactobacillus GG supplementation in combination with and without arginine aspartate on lipoproteins and liver peroxidation in cholesterol-fed rats Broccali, G., M. Berti, et al. (2000), Int J Food Sci Nutr 51(6): 475-82. Abstract: The effect of diet integration with lactobacillus GG and arginine aspartate administered singly or together to rats submitted to a cholesterol-enriched diet have been evaluated by measuring both the changes in the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides and the variations of the most indicative parameters of peroxidation in plasma lipoproteins and livers. The administration of lactobacillus GG alone is able to induce a significant hypocholesterolaemic effect while the arginine aspartate singly or together with the lactobacillus does not seem to promote any significant hypocholesterolaemic effect. The cholesterol levels (expressed as mg x dL-1) are in fact: 45.5 for the control diet; 185.4 for the cholesterol-enriched diet; 131.1 for the cholesterol-enriched diet + lactobacillus; 178.2 for the cholesterol enriched diet + arginine aspartate and 122.4 for the cholesterol-enriched diet + lactobacillus + arginine aspartate. On the contrary, the co-administration of lactobacillus and arginine aspartate gives rise to a very high preventive activity against the cholesterol-induced peroxidation damages both in the plasma lipoproteins and in the liver. Such preventive activity is higher by far than that obtainable when lactobacillus or arginine aspartate are administered singly to the rats. |
| Study on the association of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene polymorphisms with the lipid metabolism in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease Zhang, K., S. Zhang, et al. (2003), Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 20(2): 135-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the distribution of 3 polymorphisms of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene in Chinese population and the association of these polymorphisms with lipid metabolism in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD). METHODS: Genotypes and frequencies of 3 sites were examined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique in 209 unrelated normal control individuals and 203 CHD patients. RESULTS: The observed allele frequencies conform well to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of 608T allele was significantly higher in controls than that in patients (P=0.034). Compared with the CHD patients without 608T, the CHD patients with 608T exhibited a significant increase in plasma HDL-C concentration (P=0.015). 911T/C and 1188C/T polymorphisms were not found in either group. CONCLUSION: 608T polymorphism of LCAT gene was associated with higher plasma HDL-C level in CHD patients, while 911T/C and 1188C/T polymorphisms maybe very rare in Chinese population. |
| Study suggests statins for diabetics with healthy LDL cholesterol levels Rollins, G. (2004), Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res 15(18): 1-2, 6-7. |
| Subacute toxicity of a novel inhibitor of acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase in beagle dogs Dominick, M. A., E. J. McGuire, et al. (1993), Fundam Appl Toxicol 20(2): 217-24. Abstract: PD 132301-2 is a substituted urea hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic agent that is a potent inhibitor of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT). To determine its subacute toxicity, PD 132301-2 was administered orally to beagle dogs at 0, 6, 12, 25, 50, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. Clinico-pathologic evaluations were completed on all dogs. Liver and adrenal total and esterified cholesterol concentrations, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) responsiveness, and adrenal ultrastructure were determined at 0, 6, 12, and 25 mg/kg. At 12 mg/kg or greater, salivation, epiphora, conjunctivitis, emesis, anorexia or decreased food consumption, and soft to mucoid feces and/or diarrhea were noted. Suppression of ACTH response occurred by Day 6 at all doses. Adrenocortical degeneration and/or necrosis in zona fasciculata and reticularis was seen at all doses; adrenal free and esterified cholesterol were normal at 6 mg/kg and decreased at 12 and 25 mg/kg. Increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (2- to 15-fold), aspartate aminotransferase (2- to 12-fold), and alkaline phosphatase (2- to 7-fold) were noted at 50 mg/kg or greater. Periportal hepatocellular hypertrophy and hypereosinophilia occurred at 50 mg/kg or greater; hepatic cholesterol values were not significantly affected by treatment. Dose-dependent ultrastructural alterations in adrenocortical cells included decreased numbers of mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum profiles, qualitative and quantitative changes in lipid globules, and increased numbers of autolysosomes. PD 132301-2 or one of its metabolites has potent adrenocorticolytic properties and limited hepatotoxic properties by mechanism(s) that are likely independent of systemic ACAT inhibition. |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral hemorrhage, and serum cholesterol concentration in men and women Gatchev, O., L. Rastam, et al. (1993), Ann Epidemiol 3(4): 403-9. Abstract: The role of serum cholesterol in predicting the risk of stroke is unclear and may depend on the subtype of the disease. In 1964 to 1965, 54,385 Swedish men and women participated in a health survey with serum cholesterol and diastolic blood pressure determinations. The Swedish mortality register was used to identify causes of death in this cohort during 20.5 years of follow-up (1964 to 1985). A person-year-based Poisson model was used for multivariate analysis. Relative risk increased with decreasing serum cholesterol level for subarachnoid hemorrhage in men and for cerebral hemorrhage in women but not for subarachnoid hemorrhage in women. For cerebral hemorrhage in men, the risk function was U-shaped. Adjustment for diastolic blood pressure did not significantly change the relation between the risk for any of the different stroke types and the cholesterol level. A low cholesterol level predicts death from intracranial bleeding, but the data suggest that there is differing risk pattern for men and women. |
| Subclasses of LpA-I in coronary artery disease: distribution and cholesterol efflux ability Decossin, C., G. Castro, et al. (1997), Eur J Clin Invest 27(4): 299-307. Abstract: We analysed the distribution of LpA-I particles according to their molecular weight in 34 men with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) and 11 men with no symptoms of CAD (control group). Using an original rapid and reproducible gradient gel electrophoresis technique, three LpA-I subclasses were defined: large (L-LpA-I), intermediate (I-LpA-I) and small LpA-I (S-LpA-I). The proportion of L-LpA-I was significantly lower in the CAD group (37.5 +/- 18.5%) than in the control group (58.9 +/- 15.0%) (P < 0.01). Conversely, a significantly (P < 0.05) higher proportion of I-LpA-I (31.9 +/- 20.7%) was observed in the CAD group compared with the control group (14.2 +/- 8.2%). Also, in the CAD group, the proportion of L-LpA-I was positively associated with the plasma level of LpA-I (P < 0.05) and, conversely, the proportion of S-LpA-I was negatively associated with LpA-I levels (P < 0.01). L-LpA-I and I-LpA-I from CAD patients and from control subjects were most effective in promoting cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells, whereas S-LpA-I was ineffective in this regard. In conclusion, the decreased ratio in CAD patients of L-LpA-I, lipoprotein subspecies that are required for cholesterol efflux from cells, suggests a potential anti-atherogenic effect of these particles associated with the larger LpA-I subfractions. |
| Subcochlear approach for cholesterol granulomas of the inferior petrous apex Ghorayeb, B. Y. and R. A. Jahrsdoerfer (1990), Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 103(1): 60-5. Abstract: Cholesterol granulomas of the petrous apex are drained through two major extralabyrinthine routes: one, along the posterosuperior chain of air cells, and two, along the anteroinferior chain. Procedures that use the posterosuperior chain approach the apex from the sinodural angle, the base of the zygomatic arch, the attic, or through the arch of the superior semicircular canal. Operations that use the anteroinferior chain reach the apex along the internal carotid canal (Ramadier's operation) or by a posterior infralabyrinthine approach between the descending facial nerve and jugular bulb. Inferior petrous apex cholesterol granulomas may be unreachable by any of these routes, and hence the subcochlear route is proposed as an alternative. The subcochlear approach starts in a triangle bounded superiorly by the cochlea, anteriorly by the internal carotid canal and posteriorly by the deep jugular vein. This operation requires lowering the inferior bony canal wall to the level of the "crutch." It provides access to an inferiorly situated cholesterol granuloma, yet preserves hearing. It allows enough room for the placement of a tube drain from the petrous apex to the mastoid. It is particularly useful when a high jugular bulb precludes the use of the posterior infralabyrinthine route. |
| Subcutaneous cholesterol crystal deposition in the left index finger Van Linthoudt, D., J. L. Giovannoni, et al. (1990), Arthritis Rheum 33(11): 1752. |
| Subcutaneous cholesterol crystals mimicking calcinosis cutis in systemic sclerosis Saxe, P. A. and R. D. Altman (1991), J Rheumatol 18(5): 743-5. Abstract: A patient is described with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and subcutaneous cholesterol crystals mimicking calcinosis cutis. Though not detectable radiographically, basic calcium phosphate crystals were identified by alizarin red staining of aspirate from one digit. The value of crystal identification by microscopy in cases of SSc with presumed calcinosis cutis, but without radiographic evidence of subcutaneous calcific deposits, is emphasized. |
| Subcutaneous cholesterol nodules Szachnowski, P. and A. J. Bridges (1994), J Rheumatol 21(12): 2391-2. |