| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| The effects of diet on serum cholesterol in children Quivers, E. S., D. J. Driscoll, et al. (1991), Ann N Y Acad Sci 623: 133-4. |
| The effects of dietary calcium and chlordecone on cholinesterase, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins, and cholesterol in serum of rat Chetty, K. N., J. Walker, et al. (1993), Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24(3): 365-7. Abstract: Male, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 0, 1, 10, 50, 100 ppm chlordecone (Cd) mixed in calcium-sufficient (Ca-S) or calcium-deficient (Ca-D) diet for 15 days. A significant decrease in body weight gain was observed in 100 ppm of Cd-treated rats. Cholinesterase (ChE) activity was significantly decreased in serum of Ca-D rats. Chlordecone did not alter serum ChE activity in both Ca-S and Ca-D rats. However, Cd decreases serum triglycerides, low density lipoproteins (LDL) and cholesterol in both Ca-S and Ca-D rats. Rats fed with Ca-S or Ca-D diet exhibited differential sensitivity to Cd-toxicity. Decreased levels of serum triglycerides, LDL and cholesterol suggest that Cd might interfere in lipid metabolism. |
| The effects of dietary change on serum cholesterol Haq, I. U., W. W. Yeo, et al. (1995), Proc Nutr Soc 54(3): 601-16. |
| The effects of dietary cholesterol on experimental diabetic nephropathy Cooper, M. E., D. Vranes, et al. (1993), Diabetes Res 22(4): 159-69. Abstract: Hyperlipidaemia has been previously shown to accelerate various models of renal disease. The present study has evaluated the effects of dietary cholesterol supplementation on functional and structural aspects of experimental diabetic nephropathy. Control and streptozotocin diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to receive a normal diet or a high cholesterol (4% cholesterol + 1% cholic acid) diet. After 32 weeks, serum lipids, glycaemic control, urinary albumin excretion and glomerular ultrastructural parameters were evaluated in the 4 groups. Diabetes was associated with increased total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Cholesterol supplementation increased total and decreased HDL-cholesterol in control and diabetic rats. Diabetes increased albuminuria but cholesterol supplementation did not influence urinary albumin excretion. In diabetic rats, glomerular basement membrane thickness and glomerular volume were increased but cholesterol supplementation did not influence any glomerular ultrastructural parameter. In control rats, increased dietary cholesterol intake led to an increase in blood pressure and glomerular volume. In contrast to other models of renal disease, experimental diabetic nephropathy does not appear to be exacerbated by dietary cholesterol supplementation. |
| The effects of dietary fiber feeding on cholesterol metabolism in rats Nishina, P. M. and R. A. Freedland (1990), J Nutr 120(7): 800-5. Abstract: The flux through the sterol biosynthetic pathway was studied in hepatocytes isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets containing one of four fiber sources: cellulose, pectin, oat bran and wheat bran. Sterol synthesis measured by the incorporation of tritiated water or 2-14Cmevalonic acid was not inhibited in hepatocytes isolated from animals fed diets containing cellulose, pectin, oat bran or wheat bran when compared to animals fed a fiber-free diet. Based on these results, it is concluded that the intake of fiber has no inhibitory effect on endogenous sterol synthesis. In fact, in comparison to that in fiber-free controls, sterol synthesis was markedly elevated in pectin- and wheat bran-fed animals. In the case of the pectin-treated animals, the higher synthetic rate corresponded to an increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity. |
| The effects of dietary protein and cholesterol on tissue cholesterol contents and N-6 fatty acid compositions in rats and mice fed a gamma-linolenate-rich diet Huang, Y. S., Y. Watanabe, et al. (1990), Monogr Atheroscler 16: 11-25. |
| The effects of different dietary fats and cholesterol on serum lipoprotein concentrations in hamsters Sessions, V. A. and A. M. Salter (1994), Biochim Biophys Acta 1211(2): 207-14. Abstract: (i) We have studied the effect of dietary cholesterol and fat on lipoprotein concentrations in the male Golden Syrian hamster. (ii) On a low fat diet, dietary cholesterol increased the cholesterol concentration in all the major serum lipoprotein fractions. It also increased the storage of cholesterol ester in the liver. (iii) In the absence of added dietary cholesterol, additional dietary fat had little influence on serum or hepatic cholesterol concentrations, and this is irrespective of the nature of the dietary fat. (iv) In the presence of 0.12% (w/w) cholesterol, lard (rich in saturated fatty acids) increased serum VLDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations. By contrast, olive oil (rich in oleic acid) had no effect on VLDL lipid concentrations and sunflower oil, rich linoleic acid, reduced them. (v) Lard also increased serum LDL cholesterol concentrations in cholesterol-fed animals. Olive oil reduced LDL cholesterol concentrations and sunflower oil had no effect. (vi) In cholesterol-fed animals, lard had no effect on the hepatic cholesterol ester concentration, while both olive and sunflower oil increased it. This increase was significantly higher in olive oil-fed hamsters compared to those fed sunflower oil. (vii) Thus, in this species, the primary effects of dietary fat on lipoprotein metabolism appear to represent a modulation of the effects of dietary cholesterol. In cholesterol-fed hamsters we confirm the hypercholesterolaemic effects of saturated fatty acids and highlight important differences in the effects of mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids on lipoprotein metabolism. |
| The effects of different lipoproteins on cholesterol metabolism in smooth muscle cells of rabbit aorta Xu, Q. P. and Y. W. Huang (1992), Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 21(5): 296-8. Abstract: In the present experiment, M-SMC were cultured from rabbit aorta by an explant method and I-SMC cultured by the explant method from cannulated aortic intima of rabbits, and the effects of LDL, A-LDL, OX-LDL and HDL on the cholesterol metabolism in both types of cells were investigated by using 14C oleic acid as the source of cholesterol re-esteri fication in cells. The results showed that LDL enhanced cholesterol re-esterification in both types of cells and HDL had an opposite effect, A-LDL could increase CE synthesis only in I-SMC, while OX-LDL showed a complex effect on the level of CE in different cells by different concentration. The present experiment has studied the relationship between lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism in SMC at the level of cell metabolism, and suggests that lipoproteins play a key role in AS. |
| The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on aortic prostacyclin production and serum thromboxane and plasma fibrinogen levels in rabbits fed a normal versus a cholesterol-enriched diet Hoover, E. L., M. J. Ross, et al. (1991), Surgery 109(1): 69-75. Abstract: Through an unknown mechanism, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) retards atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits (CFR). We studied the effects on the development of lesions and prostacyclin (PGI2) production in the thoracic aorta and total serum lipid and cholesterol content of the abdominal aortic serum thromboxane (TXB2) and plasma fibrinogen levels in rabbits fed control versus atherogenic diets, with and without DMSO. Without DMSO, PGI2 production was significantly higher in CFR versus control animals (8.65 +/- 1.0 vs 6.38 +/- 0.3 ng/15 min p less than 0.02). DMSO did not influence PGI2 production in any of the groups but significantly reduced the number of atheromatous lesions in CFR (78% +/- 9% vs 8% +/- 4% p less than 0.001). With DMSO, CFR had a significant reduction in total lipid levels (422 +/- 5 vs 300 +/- 21 mg/gm dry wt p less than 0.01) and cholesterol levels (74 +/- 12.8 vs 31.8 +/- 6.4 mg/gm dry wt p less than 0.01) compared with control animals. Fibrinogen levels were significantly lower in CFR versus control animals (0.83 +/- 0.07 vs 2.42 +/- 0.13 mg/ml p less than 0.01). TXB2 was lower in DMSO plus control versus control animals alone. In conclusion, DMSO does not appear to act through changes in PGI2 or fibrinogen activity. Its effect in lowering TXB2 in CFR suggests an action on platelet function. |
| The effects of drinking, smoking and physical constitution on high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein AI and AII levels Maeda, K., S. Hashimoto, et al. (1991), Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 46(2): 699-708. |
| The effects of fat and cholesterol on social behavior in monkeys Kaplan, J. R., S. B. Manuck, et al. (1991), Psychosom Med 53(6): 634-42. Abstract: We report here on the social behavior of 30 adult male cynomolgus monkeys, maintained in social groups of five animals each and assigned for 22 months to one of two dietary conditions: a) "luxury"--relatively high fat, high cholesterol (43% calories from fat, 0.34 mg cholesterol/Calorie of diet); or b) "prudent"--relatively low fat, low cholesterol (30% calories from fat, 0.05 mg cholesterol/Calorie of diet). The dietary manipulation resulted in higher total serum cholesterol (TSC) and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations in luxury diet animals than in their prudent diet counterparts (p's less than 0.05). Additionally, we monitored the occurrence of 21 behavioral acts frequently exhibited by this species in captivity. Of these behaviors, only contact aggression differed between dietary conditions (p less than 0.03), with prudent diet monkeys initiating more aggression than luxury diet animals. These results are consistent with studies linking relatively low serum cholesterol concentrations to violent or antisocial behavior in psychiatric and criminal populations and could be relevant to understanding the significant increase in violence-related mortality observed among people assigned to cholesterol-lowering treatment in clinical trials. |
| The effects of feeding a saturated fat-rich diet on enzymes of cholesterol metabolism in the liver, intestine and aorta of the hamster Jackson, B., A. N. Gee, et al. (1990), Biochim Biophys Acta 1045(1): 21-8. Abstract: The effects of two dietary treatments on parameters of cholesterol metabolism were studied. Hamsters were maintained on diets containing 2% (w/w) cholesterol or 20% (w/w) hydrogenated coconut oil for 4 weeks. Both diets induced a hypercholesterolaemia. The effects of the two treatments on hepatic and intestinal acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity were measured. As expected, cholesterol feeding stimulated cholesterol esterification and inhibited cholesterol synthesis. Saturated fat-feeding had no effect on cholesterol synthesis but markedly inhibited cholesterol esterification in both liver and intestine. The diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia was strongly correlated with an increase in acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the activity. In contrast, the hypercholesterolaemia induced by feeding either of the two diets tended to increase aortic uptake of cholesterol and hence acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. We suggest that the changes in cholesterol esterification correlate well with the expected flux of cholesterol into each tissue. |
| The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E Haglund, O., R. Luostarinen, et al. (1991), J Nutr 121(2): 165-9. Abstract: The effects of fish oils supplemented with 0.3 IU/g and 1.5 IU/g of vitamin E were compared in a double-blind, cross-over study. Twelve healthy volunteers were given 30 mL/day of either oil for 3 wk. Intake of the vitamin E-rich fish oil resulted in a marked decrease in serum triglycerides (48%) and in fibrinogen (11%). After administration of the low vitamin E-containing oil there was a considerably smaller reduction of serum triglycerides and no significant reduction of fibrinogen. Both oils caused an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decrease in the atherogenic index, but neither oil altered the total cholesterol level. Serum vitamin E was decreased by 9% and plasma malondialdehyde was increased by 122% after intake of the low vitamin E-containing oil, but both remained normal after intake of the other oil. The effect of vitamin E may be due to inhibition of fatty acid peroxidation with less formation of malondialdehyde and a larger amount of active (n-3) fatty acids in their sites of action in the liver, resulting in a greater decrease in the synthesis of triglycerides and fibrinogen. |
| The effects of gender and type of diabetes on HDL-cholesterol Merrin, P. K., C. Baynes, et al. (1994), Diabete Metab 20(1): 20-4. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of gender and type of Diabetes on plasma lipoproteins and post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase activities. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Cross sectional study of 22 lean Type 2 diabetic subjects (11 men, 11 women) individually matched for gender, BMI and HbA1 with 22 Type 1 (C-peptide negative) diabetic subjects. MEASUREMENTS: Samples were taken for fasting lipids and post heparin samples were obtained for estimation of post heparin lipolytic activity. RESULTS: In men, HDL-Cholesterol was higher in Type 1 diabetes 1.56 (range 0.97-2.27) vs 1.07 (0.54-1.78) mmol/l, p = 0.009 and this was reflected in both HDL2-cholesterol 0.42 (0.02-1.36) vs 0.22 (0.01-0.90) mmol/l, p = 0.05 and HDL3-cholesterol 1.00 (0.75-1.51) vs 0.72 (0.53-0.87) mmol/l, p = 0.02 subfractions while serum triglyceride concentrations were similar. Lipoprotein lipase activity was higher in men with Type 1 diabetes 16.2 (6.2-42.4) vs 9.77 (5.6-22.6) mmol/h/l, p = 0.02 while hepatic lipase activities were similar 15.7 (9.3-23.0) vs 14.0 (6.8-24.0) mmol/h/l, NS). In women, there were no significant differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in triglycerides, HDL-C, HDL2 or HDL3. Lipoprotein lipase activity was higher in Type 1 women 19.3 (14.1-35.7) vs 11.0 (7.2-15.2) mmol/h-1 1-1, p = 0.0006 but lipatic lipase activity was also higher 12.1 (4.8-20.5) vs 7.3 (2.3-21.4) mmol/h-1 1-1, p = 0.023. CONCLUSION: In non-obese diabetic subjects, men with Type 1 diabetes have higher HDL-cholesterol than those with Type 2 diabetes, possibly due to the action of peripheral insulin on lipoprotein lipase activity, while in women, HDL-cholesterol concentrations were similar in Type 1 and Type 2 subjects possibly because of lowered lipatic lipase activity in Type 2 women which offsets the increased lipoprotein lipase activity of the Type 1 women. |
| The effects of genotype and infant weight on adult plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and LDL cholesterol are additive Henry, J. A., M. Bolla, et al. (1997), J Med Genet 34(7): 553-8. Abstract: High circulating levels of cholesterol, particularly low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and the clotting factors fibrinogen and factor VII, are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction. Variations in the plasma levels of these factors are determined in part by polymorphisms in the genes concerned and also by weight at 1 year (infant weight). We have looked at the possibility of interactions between these genetic factors and infant weight in a sample of 290 men and 192 women from Hertfordshire using the beta-fibrinogen G/A-455, factor VII R353Q, and ApoE polymorphisms. The rare allele frequencies of the three polymorphisms were 0.19 for beta-fibrinogen, 0.10 for factor VII, and 0.07 and 0.13 for the 2 and 4 alleles of ApoE, and these frequencies were not different in subjects of different infant weight. In this sample, the polymorphisms showed the expected effects on plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and LDL cholesterol. The A-455 allele was associated with higher fibrinogen levels but the effect was only statistically significant in women (p = 0.003). The R353 allele was associated with higher factor VII activity in both men and women (p < 0.0001 for both). The ApoE2 allele was associated with lower levels of LDL cholesterol (p = 0.03 in men, p = 0.006 in women), while the ApoE4 allele was associated with higher levels (p < 0.001 in men, not significant in women). In this sample of men and women the effect of low infant weight was only associated with significant effects on fibrinogen and LDL cholesterol in the group of men (p = 0.005 and p = 0.008 respectively). Compared with the E3E3 subjects, the LDL lowering effect of the E2 allele and the raising effect of the E4 allele was greater in those with low infant weight compared with those with high infant weight (low v high infant weight for E2: 12.7% v 9.4%; for E4 12.7% v 8.5%). Although in this sample the interactive effect did not reach statistical significance, the additive effect of ApoE genotype and low infant weight on determining plasma LDL cholesterol levels, if confirmed, may be of relevance in determining a person's future risk of atherosclerosis. |
| The effects of high-forage diets with added palm oil on performance, plasma lipids, and carcass characteristics of ram lambs with initially high or low plasma cholesterol Lough, D. S., M. B. Solomon, et al. (1994), J Anim Sci 72(2): 330-6. Abstract: The objectives of this study were to examine the interaction between added palm oil in high-forage diets and initial concentration of plasma cholesterol on performance, plasma lipids, and carcass characteristics of growing ram lambs. Thirty-two Hampshire-Suffolk ram lambs (initial BW = 34.4 kg) were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial design consisting of diet (basal NPO or 10.7% added palm oil PO) and initial plasma cholesterol concentration (high mean = 50 mg/dL HC or low mean = 38 mg/dL LC; SEM = 2; P =.01). The lambs were individually fed diets (77% forage-23% concentrate) that contained 16.0% CP, 2.14 Mcal of ME/kg (NPO), and 2.62 Mcal of ME/kg (PO). Metabolizable energy intakes were adjusted to.20 Mcal/kg of BW.75 for both dietary treatments. Lambs were weighed and feed intakes adjusted weekly. Lambs were bled via jugular venipuncture on d 28, 56, and 84 and lambs were slaughtered after they had been fed the diets for 90 d. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and nonesterified fatty acids were increased (P =.01) by feeding PO. Lambs fed PO were fatter than lambs fed NPO, as indicated by greater subcutaneous fat thickness and kidney and pelvic fat. Initial plasma cholesterol concentration had little effect on any of the parameters measured. Lambs fed PO had fatter carcasses than lambs fed NPO at calculated equalized ME intakes, which indicates that energy deposition is more efficient in palm oil-supplemented diets. |
| The effects of lifibrol (K12.148) on the cholesterol metabolism of cultured cells: evidence for sterol independent stimulation of the LDL receptor pathway Scharnagl, H., M. Schliack, et al. (2000), Atherosclerosis 153(1): 69-80. Abstract: Lifibrol (4-(4'-tert. butylphenyl)-1-(4'-carboxyphenoxy)-2-butanol) is a new hypocholesterolemic compound; it effectively lowers low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. We studied the effects of lifibrol on the cholesterol metabolism of cultured cells. In the hepatoma cell line HepG2, Lifibrol decreased the formation of sterols from 14C-acetic acid by approximately 25%. Similar to lovastatin, lifibrol had no effect on the synthesis of sterols from 14C-mevalonic acid. Lifibrol did not inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Instead, cholesterol synthesis inhibition by lifibrol was entirely accounted for by competitive inhibition of HMG-CoA synthase. Lifibrol enhanced the cellular binding, uptake, and degradation of LDL in cultured cells in a dose dependent fashion. The stimulation of LDL receptors was significantly stronger than expected from the effect of lifibrol on sterol synthesis. In parallel, lifibrol increased the amount of immunologically detectable receptor protein. Stimulation of LDL receptor mediated endocytosis was observed both in the presence and in the absence of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins. In the absence of an extracellular source of cholesterol, both lifibrol and lovastatin induced microsomal HMG-CoA reductase. Co-incubation with LDL was sufficient to suppress the lifibrol mediated increase in reductase activity, indicating that lifibrol does not affect the production of the non-sterol derivative(s) which are thought to regulate HMG-CoA reductase activity at the post-transcriptional level. Considered together, the data suggest that the hypolipidemic action of lifibrol may, at least in part, be mediated by sterol-independent stimulation of the LDL receptor pathway. A potential advantage of lifibrol is that therapeutic concentrations do not interfere with the production of mevalonate which is required not only to synthesize sterols but also as a precursor of electron transport moieties, glycoproteins and farnesylated proteins. |
| The effects of lowering serum cholesterol on coronary heart disease risk Rossouw, J. E. (1994), Med Clin North Am 78(1): 181-95. Abstract: The clinical trials and angiographic studies of cholesterol lowering have been of decisive importance in persuading scientific and public opinion that elevated serum cholesterol is a causal element in the chain of events leading to CHD and that treatment by diet and drugs is effective in lowering the risk of CHD. The appropriateness of these opinions is well illustrated by the analyses of the combined trials, which show that the clinical event rate can be lowered by about 20% if cholesterol levels are lowered by 10%. The reduced risk for CHD applies to both primary and secondary prevention. Further, the angiographic studies have now demonstrated that vigorous lipid-lowering therapy leads to improvements in the angiographic appearance of coronary vessels, which are accompanied by large reductions in CHD risk. Diet and a variety of drugs appear to modify the risk of CHD. The results of studies using combinations of drugs, for example, bile acid-binding resins with either niacin or hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, are particularly impressive. The primary purpose of treatment remains the reduction of total and LDL cholesterol; however, the possibility of an additional benefit from improving other aspects of the lipid profile (such as raising HDL cholesterol levels) at the same time should not be ignored. In many instances, combinations of drugs are needed to achieve optimal lowering of serum cholesterol or to treat all elements of the disorder. Although the treatment of high-risk but apparently healthy individuals should not be neglected, it would be particularly appropriate to institute intensive diet and combination drug therapy in patients with existing CHD, in view of their high risk of reinfarction if left untreated. The secondary prevention trials provide evidence that clinical events can be reduced in such patients. The angiographic studies strongly suggest that large reductions in cholesterol to much lower levels (in-treatment LDL cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL were frequently observed) than those achieved in the secondary prevention trials markedly reduce the rate of coronary events in patients with existing disease. |
| The effects of mutations in helices 4 and 6 of ApoA-I on scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-mediated cholesterol efflux suggest that formation of a productive complex between reconstituted high density lipoprotein and SR-BI is required for efficient lipid transport Liu, T., M. Krieger, et al. (2002), J Biol Chem 277(24): 21576-84. Abstract: We have studied the effects of mutations in apoA-I on reconstituted high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle (rHDL(apoA-I)) binding to and cholesterol efflux from wild-type (WT) and mutant forms of the HDL receptor SR-BI expressed by ldlA-7 cells. Mutations in helix 4 or helix 6 of the apoA-I reduced efflux by 79 and 51%, respectively, without substantially altering receptor binding (apparent K(d) values of 1.1-4.4 microg of protein/ml). SR-BI with an M158R mutation bound poorly to rHDL with WT and helix 4 mutant apoA-I; the helix 6 mutant restored tight binding to SR-BI(M158R) (K(d) values of 48, 60, and 7 microg of protein/ml, respectively). SR-BI(M158R)-mediated cholesterol efflux rates, normalized for binding, were high for all three rHDLs (71-111% of control). In contrast, absolute (12-19%) and binding-corrected (24-47%) efflux rates for all three rHDLs mediated by SR-BI with Q402R/Q418R mutations were very low. We propose that formation of a productive complex between apoA-I in rHDL and SR-BI, in which the lipoprotein and the receptor must either be precisely aligned or have the capacity to undergo appropriate conformational changes, is required for efficient SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux. Some mutations in apoA-I and/or SR-BI can result in high affinity, but non-productive, binding that does not permit efficient cholesterol efflux. |
| The effects of newer antidepressants on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Le Melledo, J. M., M. del Pilar Castillo Abadia, et al. (2004), J Clin Psychiatry 65(7): 1017-8; author reply 1018. |