| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| The hypolipidemic action of water-soluble enterosorbents of cholesterol and bile acids in an experiment Chistiakova, A. M., V. Frolova Iu, et al. (1992), Eksp Klin Farmakol 55(5): 41-4. Abstract: Experiments on rats, guinea pigs and rabbits with experimental dyslipoproteinemia have revealed that the new water-soluble high-molecular weight polymers containing digitonin (ED) or a quaternary nitrogen atom (EA) have a more marked hypolipidemic action than cholestyramine and normalize lipoprotein metabolism. The digitonin-containing enterosorbent has been shown to decrease the absorption of 4-14C-cholesterol, while the nitrogen-containing enterosorbent diminishes the absorption of 3H-cholic acid. |
| The identification of intestinal scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) by expression cloning and its role in cholesterol absorption Altmann, S. W., H. R. Davis, Jr., et al. (2002), Biochim Biophys Acta 1580(1): 77-93. Abstract: The molecular mechanisms of cholesterol absorption in the intestine are poorly understood. With the goal of defining candidate genes involved in these processes a fluorescence-activated cell sorter-based, retroviral-mediated expression cloning strategy has been devised. SCH354909, a fluorescent derivative of ezetimibe, a compound which blocks intestinal cholesterol absorption but whose mechanism of action is unknown, was synthesized and shown to block intestinal cholesterol absorption in rats. Pools of cDNAs prepared from rat intestinal cells enriched in enterocytes were introduced into BW5147 cells and screened for SCH354909 binding. Several independent clones were isolated and all found to encode the scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI), a protein suggested by others to play a role in cholesterol absorption. SCH354909 bound to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing SR-BI in specific and saturable fashion and with high affinity (K(d) approximately 18 nM). Overexpression of SR-BI in CHO cells resulted in increased cholesterol uptake that was blocked by micromolar concentrations of ezetimibe. Analysis of rat intestinal sections by in situ hybridization demonstrated that SR-BI expression was restricted to enterocytes. Cholesterol absorption was determined in SR-B1 knockout mice using both an acute, 2-h, assay and a more chronic fecal dual isotope ratio method. The level of intestinal cholesterol uptake and absorption was similar to that seen in wild-type mice. When assayed in the SR-B1 knockout mice, the dose of ezetimibe required to inhibit hepatic cholesterol accumulation induced by a cholesterol-containing 'western' diet was similar to wild-type mice. Thus, the binding of ezetimibe to cells expressing SR-B1 and the functional blockade of SR-B1-mediated cholesterol absorption in vitro suggest that SR-B1 plays a role in intestinal cholesterol metabolism and the inhibitory activity of ezetimibe. In contrast studies with SR-B1 knockout mice suggest that SR-B1 is not essential for intestinal cholesterol absorption or the activity of ezetimibe. |
| The impact of a cholesterol screening and intervention program among unskilled and semiskilled workers Selbst, M., M. M. Bell, et al. (1992), Am J Health Promot 6(4): 261-3. |
| The impact of automatic prescriptions on reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels Siskind, A., M. Johnson, et al. (2000), Eff Clin Pract 3(5): 240-6. Abstract: CONTEXT: Compliance with the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease has been poor. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether an automatic prescription would improve compliance with NCEP guidelines on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol for secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. DESIGN: Observational study in which physicians chose whether to use an automatic prescription system. PATIENTS: 126 patients with established coronary or cerebrovascular disease whose LDL cholesterol level was greater than 100 mg/dL. INTERVENTION: By signing the automatic prescription, physicians allowed the study team (medical director and pharmacist) to change lipid-lowering medications. One member of the team then contacted the patient, advising him or her of any changes to medications and treatment. The patient was told that his or her doctor was recommending this change on the basis of recent laboratory tests. OUTCOME MEASURES: The proportion of patients reaching the LDL cholesterol goal of 100 mg/dL or less. RESULTS: Physicians used the automatic prescription for 25 patients. Eighteen of the 25 patients in the intervention group (72.0%) achieved the LDL cholesterol goal compared with only 43 of the 101 controls (42.6%) (P = 0.004). After adjustment for differences in age, sex, triglyceride levels, total cholesterol levels, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and preintervention LDL cholesterol levels, the likelihood of achieving the LDL cholesterol goal was 1.74 times higher in the automatic prescription group than in the control group (P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: An automatic prescription can help physicians comply with the NCEP guidelines. |
| The impact of changes in coffee consumption on serum cholesterol Wei, M., C. A. Macera, et al. (1995), J Clin Epidemiol 48(10): 1189-96. Abstract: To investigate the possible association between changes in coffee consumption and serum cholesterol levels, information was obtained from 2109 healthy nonsmokers aged 25-65 years at two clinic visits to a preventive medical center between 1987 and 1991 (mean interval between visits: 16.7 months). After adjusting for age and changes in other potential confounders, about 2 mg/dl total cholesterol increase was associated with an increase of one cup of regular coffee per day (p < 0.001). A dose-response was found among those who decreased regular coffee consumption, those who continued the same dose, and those who increased consumption. The same trend was observed among those who quit drinking regular coffee, those who never drank coffee, and those who started to drink coffee. No change in cholesterol level was found among those continuing to consume the same quantity of regular coffee compared to those who never drank coffee. The change in cholesterol level was not related to consumption of decaffeinated coffee, regular tea, decaffeinated tea, or cola with caffeine. To our knowledge, this is the first follow-up study correlating change in coffee consumption with change in serum cholesterol in a large group of men and women. |
| The impact of cholesterol lowering on patients' mood Coutu, M. F., G. Dupuis, et al. (2001), J Behav Med 24(6): 517-36. Abstract: This study compared mood changes in 212 patients treated for hypercholesterolemia, as a function of their level of adherence to dietary recommendations. Assessments of mood (anxiety, depression, and hostility), measured by the Profile of Mood States, were obtained at baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Adherence to diet was categorized as low, medium, or high based on the Food Record Rating. Repeated-measures ANOVAs showed a significant decrease over time for anxiety, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). A multiple regression was performed to determine if reductions in TC or LDL were associated with the anxiety decrease. The model for anxiety change was highly significant and included gender, baseline anxiety, number of stressful events, psychological stress, baseline level of adherence to diet, gender x adherence interaction, and change in TC x adherence interaction. In conclusion, cholesterol lowering did not negatively affect patients' moods. However, those who adhered poorly but nonetheless showed stable or reduced TC exhibited a greater decrease in anxiety. |
| The impact of female sex hormones on secondary prevention of atherosclerosis in ovariectomized cholesterol-fed rabbits Haarbo, J. and C. Christiansen (1996), Atherosclerosis 123(1-2): 139-44. Abstract: The present study investigated the effect of female sex hormones and diet on atherosclerotic arteries in rabbits. The animals were initially ovariectomized and then fed an atherogenic diet for 12 weeks (n = 60). They were thereafter randomized to 5 groups of which one immediately was killed. Three of the remaining groups received a moderate atherogenic diet plus oral 17 beta-estradiol, levonorgestrel or no hormones, whereas the last group was fed a diet without hormones or cholesterol. During the second phase of the study, the rabbits receiving the moderate atherogenic diet and no hormones had the highest serum concentration of cholesterol (48.0 +/- 3.4 mmol/l), whereas those having the cholesterol free diet had the lowest value (26.4 +/- 3.6 mmol/l) with the two hormone groups in between (mean +/- S.E.M., P < 0.05). The estradiol group had only approximately half of the aortic accumulation of cholesterol (854 +/- 155, nmol/mg) found in the levonorgestrel (1676 +/- 362) and moderate atherogenic diet (1829 +/- 361) groups (mean +/- S.E.M., P < 0.05). The estradiol group and the rabbits fed diet without hormones or cholesterol (1034 +/- 169) had a comparable degree of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, estradiol inhibits progression of atherosclerosis significantly. This beneficial effect is only partly explained by changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins. |
| The impact of low-saturated fat, low cholesterol diet on bone properties measured using calcaneal ultrasound in prepubertal children Paakkunainen, U., P. Raittinen, et al. (2002), Calcif Tissue Int 71(3): 219-26. Abstract: To analyze the effects of low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet on bone in healthy children, calcaneal ultrasound measurements were obtained in 139 subjects (71 girls, 68 boys; mean age 8 years, SD 0.5), who were recruited from the STRIP (Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project) trial. Speed of sound (SOS), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI) values were determined at the dominant heel using a Hologic Sahara scanner. Values were compared with anthropometry and mean, energy-adjusted dietary intakes (absolute intake/1000 kcal) of fat, carbohydrates, protein, cholesterol, calcium, fiber, and the polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio derived from 4-day food diaries kept once a year between the ages of 2-7 years. The intakes were also analyzed separately at each time point. The BUA, SOS, and QUI values of the intervention children (n = 90) and the control children (n = 49) were similar. No gender differences were found. BUA correlated with age (r = 0.26, P<0.01), height (r = 0.19, P<0.05), and weight (r = 0.22, P<0.05). QUI correlated with mean intake of fat (r = 0.19, P<0.05) and carbohydrate (r = -0.22, P<0.05), SOS with mean intake of cholesterol (r = 0.18, P<0.05), and BUA with mean intake of carbohydrate (r = -0.22, P<0.05). The intakes of fat and cholesterol were lower (P<0.001) and intakes of protein and carbohydrates higher (P<0.01) in the intervention children, but the intakes of calcium were similar. The differences in the dietary intakes persisted throughout the study period. We conclude that dietary counseling aimed at reducing risk of atherosclerosis in later life does not decrease dietary intake of calcium or diminish the calcaneal ultrasound values in the intervention of children in this study. However, since this study is cross-sectional and only one measurement of bone is used, further studies are needed to draw further conclusions about the influence of dietary counseling on bone health. |
| The impact of office cholesterol testing Franks, P. and J. Engerman (1991), J Fam Pract 32(5): 493-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND. The role of portable cholesterol analyzers in the identification and management of hypercholesterolemia is controversial. This study investigated the effect of free office cholesterol testing on screening behavior and on blood cholesterol reduction in a family practice center. METHODS. After a baseline period of 5 months, an office cholesterol analyzer was made available for 1 year to two teams of patients and providers (study group), but not to the other two teams (control group). RESULTS. The percentage of patients screened increased from 28% to 52% in the study group, and from 29% to 42% in the control group (difference favoring study group, prevalence odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval CI = 1.33 to 1.62). Compared with those whose cholesterol tests were sent to outside laboratories, patients screened with the office analyzer were younger (mean age 36 years vs 42 years), and the barrier to those without insurance was reduced. There was no clinically or statistically significant effect on lowering cholesterol (difference favoring study group = 0.01 mmol/L, 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.17). CONCLUSIONS. The availability of free office cholesterol testing increased the prevalence of cholesterol testing, particularly for younger patients and those without insurance; however, the testing had no discernible effect of motivating patients to lower their blood cholesterol levels. |
| The impact of selective cycloxygenase-2 inhibitor celexibo on the formation of cholesterol gallstone Chen, X. W. and J. T. Cai (2003), Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 42(11): 797-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celexibo on the formation of gallstone in rabbits by comparing both the mucosa damage and the risk of gallstone formation. METHODS: 30 rabbits were equally divided into three groups: gallstone group (induced by high cholesterol diet HCD), celexibo group (treated with celexibo 10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) in addition to HCD) and control group (fed with formal diet). After 7 weeks, bile was obtained for observing gallstone formation, and the morphologic changes of the mucosa were assessed under microscopy. The level of COX-2 in gallbladder mucosa in each group was estimated with immunohistochemical assay. RESULTS: Celexibo group had lower risk to get gallstones than gallstone group (2/10 vs 9/10, P < 0.05). The degree of mucosa inflammation and level of COX-2 expression were significantly higher in gallstone group than in the other two groups (0.055 +/- 0.006 vs 0.017 +/- 0.003, P < 0.001; 0.055 +/- 0.006 vs 0.169 +/- 0.001, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Specific COX-2 inhibitor celexibo can decrease the risk of gallstone formation. COX-2 is highly expressed in gallbladder mucosa of gallstone, which suggests that there is certain inflammatory mechanism in the cholesterol gallstone formation. |
| The impact of the Guidelines for a Healthy Diet of The Netherlands Nutrition Council on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic free-living men Bloemberg, B. P., D. Kromhout, et al. (1991), Am J Epidemiol 134(1): 39-48. Abstract: To study the impact of dietary intervention on the plasma total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) levels in hypercholesterolemic men, the authors selected 80 male participants in a monitoring risk factor project carried out in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. These men had plasma total cholesterol levels of between 6.5 and 10.0 mmol/liter (between 251 and 387 mg/dl) and were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 39) or the control (n = 41) group. At the start of the intervention period, after 5 weeks, and after 26 weeks, both the intervention and the control groups were examined. This examination consisted of a measurement of height, weight, plasma total and HDL cholesterol, and a dietary interview. The intervention program consisted of a personalized dietary advice to the respondent, based on the report of the Netherlands Nutrition Council. The study took place between September 1987 and November 1988. Because of this intervention program, the plasma total and HDL cholesterol levels decreased. The difference in change in plasma total cholesterol between the intervention and control groups was 0.47 mmol/liter (18 mg/dl) after 5 weeks and 0.30 mmol/liter (12 mg/dl) after 26 weeks. For HDL cholesterol, a significant difference in change after 5 weeks disappeared after 26 weeks. The public health implications of the decrease in plasma total cholesterol are discussed. |
| The impact of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines on drug development Isaacsohn, J., D. Black, et al. (2002), Am J Cardiol 89(5A): 45C-49C. Abstract: In the newest guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III, more intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-lowering therapy, together with more attention to other lipid and lipoprotein parameters, are recommended for a larger group of dyslipidemic patients than was covered under ATP I and ATP II. A discussion to evaluate how future drug development might be affected by these new guidelines took place at the 14th International Symposium on Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism (DALM) conference, held in New York in September 2001. These discussions involved how to develop new lipid-lowering drugs in an era in which so much compelling evidence demonstrates the benefits of statins. Also covered were issues related to the development of drugs with triglyceride indications and whether the proportion of patients achieving NCEP guidelines should be included in the label of lipid-lowering drugs. Additional topics discussed included: (1) the possibility of incorporating a non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) indication for lipid-lowering drugs, (2) the possibility of obtaining indications for lipid-lowering drugs specifically in patients with diabetes, (3) the place of combination lipid-lowering drug therapy in drug development, and (4) whether drugs could be approved to increase levels of HDL-C in patients with isolated low HDL-C. |
| The imperative to raise low levels of high-density lipoprotein in cholesterol--a better clinical strategy in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease. Introduction Pearson, T. A. and W. E. Boden (2000), Am J Cardiol 86(12A): 1L-4L. |
| The importance of cholesterol in maintenance of P-glycoprotein activity and its membrane perturbing influence Rothnie, A., D. Theron, et al. (2001), Eur Biophys J 30(6): 430-42. Abstract: In tumour cell lines that display multidrug resistance, expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) alters many aspects of biomembrane organization in addition to its well-characterized drug transport activity. We have developed a reconstitution system to directly investigate the effect of purified P-gp on the biophysical properties of lipid bilayers. Using a mixed detergent system it was possible to efficiently reconstitute P-gp at lipid:protein ratios as low as 2.5 (w/w) by removal of detergent using adsorption to SM-2 BioBeads. P-gp was able to alter many biophysical parameters associated with lipid organization within bilayers. For example, the changes in overall fluidity and excimer formation by lipid analogues indicate modified packing organization of bilayer constituents. Surprisingly, given its role in conferring drug resistance, P-gp insertion into bilayers also caused significantly increased permeability to aqueous compounds, also reflecting a modified phospholipid environment. Translocation of various phospholipid species between leaflets of the bilayer was increased in the presence of P-gp; however, the effect was not dependent on ATP hydrolysis by the protein. Physiological concentrations of cholesterol modified P-gp function and the degree to which it perturbed bilayer organization. The basal ATPase activity of P-gp was increased in a dose-dependent fashion by the incorporation of cholesterol in PC:PE liposomes. In addition, the degree to which the modulator verapamil was able to stimulate this basal ATPase activity was reduced by the presence of cholesterol in proteoliposomes. However, the potency of verapamil was unaltered, suggesting a specific effect, not simply caused by lower drug penetration into the cholesterol containing bilayers. In summary, P-gp is able to cause perturbation in the organization of bilayer constituents. Cholesterol imparted "stability" to this perturbation of bilayer organization by P-gp and moreover this led to altered protein function. |
| The importance of cholesterol, blood pressure and smoking for coronary heart disease Lewington, S. (2003), Eur Heart J 24(19): 1703-4. |
| The importance of GLU361 position in the reaction catalyzed by cholesterol oxidase Kass, I. J. and N. S. Sampson (1998), Bioorg Med Chem Lett 8(19): 2663-8. Abstract: Cholesterol oxidase stereospecifically isomerizes cholest-5-en-3-one to cholest-4-en-3-one. When the base catalyst for isomerization, Glu361, is mutated to Asp, the rate of deprotonation of cholest-5-en-3-one is not affected, but protonation of the dienolic intermediate becomes rate-limiting. This may be a consequence of the large distance between the catalytic base and carbon-6 of the intermediate in the mutant enzyme. |
| The importance of HDL-cholesterol level determination in the classification of persons at increased risk of coronary heart disease Ververs, M. T., W. M. Verschuren, et al. (1992), Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 136(21): 1023-7. Abstract: The evidence is growing that not only total cholesterol, but also HDL cholesterol is an important predictor of coronary heart disease. In the Framingham Study, the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio gave the best prediction for the coronary heart disease risk. With data of the Netherlands Monitoring Risk Factor Project it was investigated to what extent persons with a high ratio (greater than or equal to 7) were identified when the criteria of the Netherlands Cholesterol Consensus were applied. Between 1987 and 1989 total and HDL cholesterol were determined in about 22,000 men and women aged 20-59. Twenty per cent of the men had hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol greater than or equal to 6.5 mmol/l). Of the hypercholesterolaemic men, 60 per cent did not have a high total/HDL cholesterol ratio. Eighteen per cent of the women were hypercholesterolaemic. Of all hypercholesterolaemic women, 80 per cent did not have a high total/HDL cholesterol ratio. Therefore, it is important that after a first screening on total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol is measured at the second cholesterol determination. Subsequently, a decision about treatment should be made, based on the total/HDL cholesterol ratio and the presence of other risk factors (hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes and a family history of cardiovascular disease. |
| The importance of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the management of cardiovascular risk Maritz, F. J. (2000), S Afr Med J 90(3): 232-3. |
| The importance of lowering cholesterol in patients with coronary heart disease Eisenberg, D. (1998), Clin Cardiol 21(2): 81-4. Abstract: Patients with prior manifestations of cardiovascular disease account for about 50% of all myocardial infarctions and 70% of deaths due to coronary disease. The benefits of lowering elevated cholesterol levels in patients with coronary disease are well documented. Recent clinical trials indicate that these benefits, in terms of reduced risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, extend even to patients with "average" cholesterol levels and support the importance of reaching a target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of < or = 100 mg/dl. These findings argue in favor of attaining and maintaining optimal lipid targets for secondary (and primary) prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease in patients at risk. |
| The in vivo oxidized LDL to LDL-cholesterol ratio is correlated with lipid content of LDL Junjun, W., Z. Yiyi, et al. (2000), Atherosclerosis 149(1): 217-8. |