Cholesterol Journal Articles

Record 12821 to 12840

The relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure
Rauchhaus, M., A. L. Clark, et al. (2003), J Am Coll Cardiol 42(11): 1933-40.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe the relationship between cholesterol and survival in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). BACKGROUND: Increasing lipoprotein levels are a cardiovascular risk factor. In patients with CHF, the prognostic value of endogenous lipoproteins is not fully clarified. METHODS: A group of 114 patients with CHF recruited to a metabolic study was followed for a minimum of 12 months (derivation study). The results were applied to a second group of 303 unselected patients with CHF (validation study). The relationship between endogenous lipoproteins and survival was explored. RESULTS: In the derivation study, survival at 12 months was 78% (95% confidence interval CI 70% to 86%) and 56% (95% CI 51% to 62%) at 36 months. Increasing total serum cholesterol was a predictor of survival (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.86), independent of the etiology of CHF, age, left ventricular ejection fraction, and exercise capacity. Receiver-operating characteristic curves demonstrated a best cut-off value of

The relationship between cholesterol level and myocardial infarction or mortality risk in patients with coronary artery disease. A report from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry
Kronmal, R. A., A. S. Kosinski, et al. (1992), Ann Epidemiol 2(1-2): 129-36.
Abstract: Using data from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) registry, we evaluated the relationship between cholesterol levels measured at enrollment and the following events: all-cause mortality, cardiac death, fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and nonfatal MI. Only patients with a significant coronary artery disease (at least one lesion with stenosis > or = 50%) were considered for this study. Results presented for mortality are for a period of up to 11.5 years and those for MI are for a maximum of 8 years of follow-up. Analyses were performed for each type of event and for each subgroup: women (n = 1861) and men (n = 10,941) under age 65, and women (n = 426) and men (n = 1144) age 65 or older. After adjusting for important covariates, cholesterol level was not associated with cardiac or all-cause mortality. No relationship between cholesterol level and fatal or nonfatal MI could be demonstrated except for men under age 65. However, in this subgroup the risk of MI was highest for those with low or middle cholesterol levels. The data show that in patients with angiographically determined coronary artery disease, cholesterol level is not a statistically significant risk factor for death or MI over the follow-up period in CASS.

The relationship between cholesterol levels and depression in the elderly
Ergun, U. G., S. Uguz, et al. (2004), Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19(3): 291-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the possible association between low levels of serum cholesterol and depression in the elderly. BACKGROUND: The alteration of cholesterol content of synoptosomal membrane in response to low serum cholesterol levels has been shown to decrease the serotonin receptors in depressed patients. Previous studies suggest that low levels of serum cholesterol may be associated with the increased risk of depression in the elderly. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study where 189 subjects over 65 years old of both sexes were enrolled. Serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were measured. Cognitive functions were evaluated with mini mental state examination survey (MMSES) and depression was assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). RESULTS: Of the 189 subjects, 42 were affected by depression. Low serum cholesterol level (cut-off < or =160 mg/dl) as well as the levels of HDL-C, LDL-C and triglycerides were not associated with depression in older men or women. CONCLUSIONS: In the present cross sectional study, there was no association between depression and low serum cholesterol levels after adjusted for confounding factors. Further studies are needed to clarify this suggestion with larger number of patients.

The relationship between coffee consumption and serum cholesterol under consideration of smoking history
Mensink, G. B., L. Kohlmeier, et al. (1993), Eur J Epidemiol 9(2): 140-50.
Abstract: A large German population sample of 6820 men and 7258 women was used to investigate the relationship between coffee consumption, total serum cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. Analyses were conducted on men and women separately. Differences in age, body mass index, diastolic blood pressure, smoking habits, alcohol, fish, milk and tea consumption, physical activity and medication use were controlled for in the analyses. Interactions between coffee consumption and smoking habits in their relationship with serum cholesterol were part of the analyses. For men, a positive relationship between coffee consumption and total serum cholesterol was found among smokers and life-long abstainers but not in the group of ex-smokers. In women a relationship between coffee consumption and total serum cholesterol was also present, but very weak (only statistical significant in covariance analyses). Levels of HDL cholesterol did not correlate with coffee consumption in either men and women. Hypotheses concerning the peculiarities of the group of ex-smokers are developed, and supporting empirical evidence is given. It is suggested that the group of ex-smokers should always be analysed separately.

The relationship between dietary factors and serum cholesterol values in the coloured population of the Cape Peninsula
Steyn, K., M. L. Langenhoven, et al. (1990), S Afr Med J 78(2): 63-7.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study of 976 coloured subjects aged 15-64 years identified a population consuming a typical Western diet. Nutrient intake, determined by the 24-hour dietary recall method, reflected a diet high in fat (37% of total energy intake) and animal protein and a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio of 0.85. Only 32.2% of men and 27.5% of women consumed a prudent diet (Keys score less than or equal to 28). The influence of this Western diet on serum total cholesterol (TC) levels was seen to be marked when participants with a high risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD) were compared with those with a TC level putting them at low risk; the former consumed significantly more saturated fat and had a higher mean Keys score. Multiple linear regression analysis on TC levels of men identified six variables that explained 26.9% of the variation of TC. These were body mass index, age, the inverse of the polyunsaturated fat intake, saturated fat intake, polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio and cholesterol intake. For women only three variables (age, the inverse of the polyunsaturated/saturated fat ratio, and body mass index) explained 30.2% of the variation of TC. Promotion of the prudent diet to lower TC levels of the coloured population of the Cape Peninsula is an increasingly urgent priority.

The relationship between hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor activity and serum cholesterol level in the human fetus
Cai, H. J., C. L. Xie, et al. (1991), Hepatology 13(5): 852-7.
Abstract: We found that the binding of 125I-low-density lipoprotein to fetal liver low-density lipoprotein receptor rose progressively with the increase in fetal age. During this period, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels in fetal serum declined significantly. The correlation coefficients between fetal age and concentration of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were -0.80 (p less than 0.001) and -0.77 (p less than 0.001), respectively. A significant inverse correlation also existed between the liver low-density lipoprotein receptor activity and the serum total cholesterol (r = -0.96, p less than 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = -0.95, p less than 0.001) but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. It is suggested that the low-density lipoprotein receptors in human fetal liver may play a key role in the regulation of the serum cholesterol levels during gestation.

The relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal attainment and prevention of coronary heart disease--related events
Ito, M. K., G. M. Delucca, et al. (2001), J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 6(2): 129-35.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) treatment guidelines, patients with preexisting coronary heart disease (CHD) or other atherosclerotic vascular disease should lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to < or = 100 mg/dL. Recent statin trials document the benefit of cholesterol lowering on CHD events but do not address the optimal goal of LDL cholesterol. METHODS: The pravastatin to simvastatin conversion-lipid optimization program (PSCOP) at the VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) was a formulary-conversion program designed to increase the percentage of patients who meet their recommended NCEP LDL cholesterol goal. We compared the incidence of clinical outcome and mortality between CHD patients from the original PSCOP cohort with postconversion LDL cholesterol greater than and < or = 100 mg/dL. A total of 524 patients were stratified by postconversion LDL cholesterol levels (greater than N=183) or < or = 100 mg/dL N=341) and observed for a mean duration of 27.7 months. Patients' VASDHS records were reviewed for postconversion mortality from any cause and CHD-related events. Patients were mailed a questionnaire to capture similar events that may have occurred outside of VASDHS, which might not be present in the patient's VASDHS record. RESULTS: Lipid-lowering therapy < or = 100 mg/dL was associated with a significantly lower percentage of total deaths and CHD-related events (40% vs 61%, P=0.008). In patients with LDL cholesterol >100 mg/dL, the relative risk of unstable angina (relative risk, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 3.8; P=0.004) and stroke (relative risk, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 8.6; P=0.04) were significantly greater compared to patients meeting their LDL cholesterol goal. CONCLUSIONS: Our study results support reducing LDL cholesterol to at least 100 mg/dL in the patient with CHD.

The relationship between melatonin secretion and serum cholesterol in patients with multiple sclerosis
Sandyk, R. and G. I. Awerbuch (1994), Int J Neurosci 76(1-2): 81-6.
Abstract: We have reported recently that nocturnal melatonin levels are reduced in a subgroup of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We have also noted in these patients a high incidence of hypercholesterolemia and propose that this may be linked to dysfunction of the pineal gland since pinealectomy in rats was reported to be associated with elevation of blood cholesterol levels. To test this hypothesis, we studied the relationship between nocturnal plasma melatonin levels and serum cholesterol levels in a cohort of 24 MS patients (4 men; 20 women; mean age: 40.2 years SD = 9.5) who were admitted to an inpatient neurologic clinic for acute exacerbation of symptoms. For the purpose of comparison we also evaluated in these patients the association between melatonin levels and serum triglyceride (TG) levels. As predicted, we found a significantly higher serum cholesterol level in 10 patients who had low nocturnal plasma melatonin levels (mean: 17.1 pg/ml +/- 5.9) compared to 14 patients in whom melatonin levels were in the normal range (mean: 42.9 pg/ml +/- 10.6) (mean cholesterol = 241.5 mg/dl +/- 50.8 vs. 183.7 mg/dl +/- 27.2; p <.001). In contrast, serum TG levels did not differ significantly between the groups. As serum cholesterol levels were statistically unrelated to TG levels, these findings suggest a specific association between pineal melatonin and cholesterol metabolism. If confirmed in future research, these findings suggest that the pineal gland may exert a cholesterol reducing effect and that melatonin could be used therapeutically in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

The relationship between non-HDL cholesterol and other lipid parameters in Japanese subjects
Sugimoto, K., K. Isobe, et al. (2005), J Atheroscler Thromb 12(2): 107-10.
Abstract: Plasma non-HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration that is simply estimated from plasma total cholesterol and HDL-C concentrations, without the influence of plasma triglyceride concentration, has been included as a therapeutic target for hypertriglyceridemic patients in the most recent National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommendations. In the present study, we estimated plasma non-HDL-C concentration in Japanese subjects to clarify the correlation of plasma non-HDL-C to other plasma lipid concentrations, and to evaluate the NCEP recommendation. Plasma non-HDL-C concentration has a positive correlation with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride concentrations. From our analysis, 140 mg/dl of plasma LDL-C concentration, which is the level for the diagnosis of hyper-LDL cholesterolemia, corresponds to 169 mg/dl of non HDL-C concentration. The relationship between plasma non-HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations in Japanese subjects is quite similar to that described in the NCEP guideline. Thus, we suggest that non-HDL-C is a useful risk marker in Japan, as recommended by the NCEP.

The relationship between parental yolk cholesterol and yolk fat concentration to abdominal fat content and feed conversion ratio of their respective offspring
Suk, Y. O. and K. W. Washburn (1998), Poult Sci 77(3): 377-8.
Abstract: The correlation of yolk cholesterol and yolk fat concentrations of egg from the pedigreed Athens-Canadian Randombred control population with the percentage of abdominal fat (AF) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of their progeny were studied. The average yolk cholesterol, yolk fat, and AF were 20.3 mg/g yolk, 244 mg/g yolk, and 1.64%, respectively. The phenotypic correlation of both yolk cholesterol and yolk fat content of eggs from the parental population with AF or FCR of their progeny were low and nonsignificant.

The relationship between plasma cholesterol concentration and minor psychiatric disturbance in the Department of the Environment Study
Harwood, R. H., A. E. Fletcher, et al. (1996), J Clin Epidemiol 49(7): 795-801.
Abstract: We examined the hypothesis that low plasma cholesterol concentration was associated with minor psychiatric disturbance in a cross-sectional study of 410 male and 138 female civil servants. Psychiatric disturbance was measured using the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Mean GHQ score did not vary significantly with quartile of total cholesterol concentration. After adjustment for confounding variables a significant trend of increasing mean GHQ with increasing cholesterol concentration emerged. In a logistic regression analysis subjects in the highest quartile of cholesterol concentration had an adjusted odds ratio for being a "psychiatric case" of 2.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.5) compared with those in the lowest quartile. This relationship reversed when using a higher cutoff point to define more severe cases, although the trend was not statistically significant.

The relationship between plasma cholesterol, amino acids and acute phase proteins in sepsis
Chiarla, C., I. Giovannini, et al. (2004), Amino Acids 27(1): 97-100.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to correlate degree of hypocholesterolemia to changes in plasma levels of amino acids and other metabolic variables in severely injured septic patients. Measurements included plasma cholesterol, full amino-acidograms, acute phase proteins, complementary variables and blood cell counts. The Fischer plasma molar amino acid ratio (leucine+isoleucine+valine)/(phenylalanine+tyrosine) was calculated. Plasma cholesterol for all measurements (n=145) was 3.1+/-1.1 mmol/L and, upon entry in the study, it was correlated inversely with sepsis severity score (p<0.05). Along the clinical course, changes in cholesterol were clearly paralleled by opposite changes in C-reactive protein, which was the best correlate of cholesterol (r2=0.70, p<0.0001). Furthermore cholesterol was inversely related to phenylalanine, fibrinogen, lactate and white blood cell count, and directly to the Fischer molar amino acid ratio, cystathionine, methionine, glycine and transferrin (r2 between 0.36 and 0.15, p<0.0001 for all). Within this pattern of correlations, cholesterol was also directly related to alkaline phosphatase, which accounted for the effect of cholestasis, when present. For any given value of the other variables, cholesterol increased significantly with increase in alkaline phosphatase (p<0.0001). C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/dl) and alkaline phosphatase (ALKPH, U/L) together in the same regression explained 79% of the variability of cholesterol (CHOL, mmol/L): CHOL=5.90-0.74Log(e)CRP+0.004ALKPH; multiple r2=0.79, p<0.0001. Inclusion in this regression of other variables did not increase the r2. By using only amino acid variables, the best fit was provided by a regression including the Fischer ratio and cystathionine, which explained 55% of the variability of cholesterol (multiple r2=0.55 p<0.0001), and this result was not improved by the inclusion of other amino acids. These data show that severity of hypocholesterolemia in sepsis is quantifiably related to changes in plasma amino acids, and to severity of acute phase response and metabolic decompensation. More study is needed to understand whether hypocholesterolemia in sepsis has only diagnostic or prognostic implications, or that it may also contribute actively to worsening of the disease.

The relationship between plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity in six species of healthy experimental animals
Tsutsumi, K., A. Hagi, et al. (2001), Biol Pharm Bull 24(5): 579-81.
Abstract: Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are regulated by plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in humans. The aim of this study was to ascertain the relationship between plasma HDL-C and plasma CETP activities in mouse, rat, dog, hamster, rabbit and monkey. In this study, the plasma HDL-C levels were highest in dogs and lowest in rabbits among the six species. Plasma CETP activities were higher in hamsters, rabbits and monkeys compared to mice, rats and dogs. The present study shows that there are species differences in HDL-C and CETP activity in six species of healthy experimental animals, with the six species being separated into two types. The first type showed a high HDL-C/TC ratio with low or absent CETP activity, and included mouse, rat and dog, whereas the second type showed a low HDL-C/TC ratio and high CETP activity, and included hamster, rabbit and monkey. The present study also shows that there is a strong relationship between plasma HDL-C levels and CETP activity in high CETP activity animals and that the relationship between the HDL-C/TC ratio and CETP activity is an important factor in all animals, regardless of CETP activity level.

The relationship between plasma viscosity and cholesterol in postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy
Konukoglu, D., O. Serin, et al. (2000), Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 22(3): 223-8.
Abstract: In women, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality sharply increase after the onset of menopause. There is substantial evidence that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may decrease the risk of coronary heart disease; however the mechanism is unclear. We investigated the relationship between HRT and plasma viscosity as well as cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. 30 women were using HRT (HRT users), and 30 women were not using HRT (non-users). According to the classification of their plasma cholesterol levels, 30 women were hypercholesterolemic levels (hypercholesterolemic users n = 15, and hypercholesterolemic non-users n = 15), and the others were normocholesterolemic levels. While the highest plasma viscosity was measured in hypercholesterolemic users (1.291 +/- 0.053 cP), the lowest plasma viscosity was measured in normocholesterolemic users (1.127 +/- 0.056 cP). There was a significant correlation between plasma viscosity and cholesterol levels in the women on HRT (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). We have not found a difference neither in fibrinogen levels nor in triglycerides between users and non-users. These data demonstrated that HRT has beneficial effect on plasma viscosity; mainly in normocholesterolemic post menopausal women.

The relationship between pre-existing subendothelial smooth muscle cell accumulations and foam cell lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits
Kockx, M. M., N. Buyssens, et al. (1994), Virchows Arch 425(1): 41-7.
Abstract: We investigated whether pre-existing subendothelial smooth muscle cell (SMC) accumulations in cholesterol-fed rabbits are transformed into foam cell plaques. Twenty-four rabbits received a standard diet supplemented with 2% cholesterol for 4 or 8 weeks. Six rabbits received a supplement of 0.3% cholesterol for 35 weeks. The aorta and other systemic and pulmonary vessels were studied by immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle cells SMC (alpha-SMC actin), macrophages (RAM11), cell replication (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and endothelial cells (von Willebrand factor; vWF). Initially the foam cell plaques were composed exclusively of foam cells of macrophage origin (MFC). In more advanced lesions SMC and collagen fibres were also present, leading to a fibrous transformation of the plaque. Cell replication was mainly located in the MFC. The endothelial cells covering the plaques showed an increased immunoreactivity for vWF which was also deposited in the interstitium between the FC. Pre-existing subendothelial SMC did not transform into FC. The newly formed FC plaques remained clearly separated from the pre-existing subendothelial SMC. The development of the plaques can be attributed not only to monocyte recruitment but also to macrophage multiplication.

The relationship between serum cholesterol and serum thyroid hormones in male patients with suspected hypothyroidism
Johnston, J., A. McLelland, et al. (1993), Ann Clin Biochem 30 (Pt 3): 256-9.
Abstract: The relationship between serum cholesterol, thyrotropin, thyroxine and triiodothyronine was investigated in 456 male patients with suspected hypothyroidism. The correlation between serum cholesterol and serum thyroxine (r = 0.0572) and between serum cholesterol and serum triiodothyronine (r = 0.1136) were not significant but the correlation between serum cholesterol and TSH (r = 0.0376) was significant (P < 0.001). The mean serum cholesterol was only significantly increased in the patient groups with a serum TSH greater than 20 mU/L. In 26 patients treated for hypothyroidism with thyroxine replacement there was a significant correlation between the decrease in serum cholesterol and the decrease in serum TSH (r = 0.5334, P < 0.01) but there was poor correlation between the decrease in cholesterol and either the increase in serum triiodothyronine or the increase in serum thyroxine.

The relationship between serum cholesterol and serum thyrotropin in women with peripheral arterial disease
Powell, J. T., G. Carter, et al. (1991), Ann Clin Biochem 28 (Pt 3): 318-9.

The relationship between serum cholesterol and serum thyrotropin, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine concentrations in suspected hypothyroidism
Elder, J., A. McLelland, et al. (1990), Ann Clin Biochem 27 (Pt 2): 110-3.
Abstract: The relationship between serum cholesterol, thyrotropin, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine was investigated in 1018 female patients over 40 years of age with suspected hypothyroidism. The correlation between serum thyrotropin and cholesterol (r = 0.398) and between thyroxine and cholesterol (r = -0.217) were both highly significant (P less than 0.001), but the correlation between tri-iodothyronine and cholesterol (r = -0.011) was not significant. Only in patients with a serum thyrotropin in excess of 40 mU/L was there a clinically appreciable increase in the serum cholesterol. In 139 patients treated for hypothyroidism by thyroxine replacement there was a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) between the decrease in serum thyrotropin and cholesterol (r = 0.593). The correlation between increase in serum thyroxine and decrease in cholesterol (r = -0.401) was also highly significant (P less than 0.001), but there was an even stronger correlation between the increase in serum tri-iodothyronine and the decrease in serum cholesterol (r = -0.529).

The relationship between sex hormones and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy adult men
Duell, P. B. and E. L. Bierman (1990), Arch Intern Med 150(11): 2317-20.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to clarify the complex and uncertain relationship between endogenous sex hormones and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in healthy men. Fifty-five healthy adult men were consecutively recruited from an ongoing cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease risk factors from a lipid research clinic at the University of Washington, Seattle. Subjects receiving medication were excluded. Multiple linear regression analysis identified several factors that correlated highly significantly with HDL cholesterol levels, including alcohol intake; frequency of strenuous exercise; age; levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride; and carbohydrate intake. Nearly 80% of the heterogeneity in HDL cholesterol levels could be accounted for by these factors. Despite finding significant correlations with factors known to influence HDL cholesterol levels, no correlation with estradiol level, testosterone level, or the ratio of estradiol to testosterone levels was apparent. In conclusion, endogenous sex hormones do not appear to influence HDL cholesterol levels in healthy adult men. Alternatively, a large proportion of the heterogeneity in HDL levels in this group of men can be accounted for by environmental factors. The disparity between this conclusion and others may be partially due to differences in accounting for these confounding variables.

The relationship between smoking, cholesterol, and HDL-C levels in adult women
Jacobson, B. H., S. G. Aldana, et al. (1995), Women Health 23(4): 27-38.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the independent relationship between smoking quantity and cholesterol (TC) and lipoprotein levels (HDL-C) in women. A total of 805 female subjects were grouped as: non-smokers, ex-smokers, light smokers, moderate smokers, and heavy smokers. TC and HDL-C were examined before and after controlling for the coexisting risk factors of age, body composition, fitness level, dietary fat intake, family history of coronary artery disease, oral contraceptive, and alcohol use. Preliminary analysis demonstrated significant differences (p <.01) in TC between heavy smokers and all other groups and significant differences in HDL-C between heavy to moderate smokers and ex- and non-smokers. After adjusting for confounding variables, the differences in TC and HDL-C remained unchanged between the groups. It was concluded that heavy to moderate smoking was independently associated with higher TC and lower HDL-C levels, and that smoking abstinence or smoking cessation may be associated with healthier lipoprotein profiles in adult women. Based on these findings, it was recommended that employers consider the provision of health promotion programs including seminars, behavioral modification workshops, as well as financial incentives for employees to stop smoking.

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