Cholesterol Journal Articles

Record 13521 to 13540

Within-person fluctuations of serum cholesterol and lipoproteins
Mogadam, M., S. W. Ahmed, et al. (1990), Arch Intern Med 150(8): 1645-8.
Abstract: The National Cholesterol Education Program has begun a National Campaign to screen millions of adult Americans for serum cholesterol. To determine whether such random samples represent an individual's true lipoprotein status, we measured fasting total serum cholesterol and lipoproteins, on a weekly basis for 4 weeks, in 20 subjects ages 22 to 63 years. Duplicate samples were tested by two standardized laboratories, each on five consecutive days. Variations of more than +/- 20% in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were seen in 75%, 95%, and 65% of the subjects, respectively. On retesting, 40% of the subjects moved in or out of one "risk category"; and in 10% two categories, from "desirable" to "high risk," or vice versa. These data demonstrate that random testing may fall to detect wide fluctuations in the levels of serum lipoproteins, and therefore result in erroneous risk assignment or therapeutic intervention.

Women, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and exercise
Taylor, P. A. and A. Ward (1993), Arch Intern Med 153(10): 1178-84.
Abstract: Exercise is widely believed to induce favorable changes in the lipid profiles of women, particularly to increase the cardioprotective high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) fraction. A critical appraisal of the literature demonstrates that many research studies fail to consider potential confounders such as hormonal status and body composition. Although cross-sectional studies confirm that active women have higher HDL-C levels than sedentary women, intervention studies suggest that exercise training programs, in the absence of other interventions, do not cause HDL-C levels to rise appreciably in older women. High volumes of exercise may increase HDL-C levels in younger women. Exercise programs of moderate intensity appear to modify the HDL-C-lowering effects of a hypocaloric, fat-restricted diet.

Workplace exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and high density lipoprotein cholesterol among nonsmokers
Mizoue, T., R. Ueda, et al. (1999), Am J Epidemiol 150(10): 1068-72.
Abstract: There are few epidemiologic studies among adult nonsmokers on the effects of workplace environmental tobacco smoke on high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The authors investigated this relation, using data from health examinations conducted in 1995 on 3,062 Japanese nonsmokers in a total of 27 municipal offices with few smoking restrictions. Multiple regression analysis with adjustments for age, body mass index, alcohol drinking, and sports activities showed that in women, and in men lacking both alcohol consumption and sports activities characteristics, there were inverse linear relations between workplace smoking indices and HDL-C levels. Multivariate logistic regression showed that nonsmoking women in the upper two thirds of offices ranked by smoking intensity had an increased risk of low HDL-C levels (<45 mg), taking those in the lowest third of offices as reference (the medium third: odds ratio = 1.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.5; the highest third: odds ratio = 1.6; 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 2.4). The results indicated that workplace environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with HDL-C among nonsmokers. However, the lack of data on home exposure limits causal inferences about the effects of workplace exposure.

Workshop IV--National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines: are they clinically relevant?
Hunninghake, D. (1991), Am J Med 90(2A): 48S-49S.

Work-site cholesterol screening and dietary intervention: the Staff Healthy Heart Project. Steering Committee
Barratt, A., R. Reznik, et al. (1994), Am J Public Health 84(5): 779-82.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES. The Staff Healthy Heart Project was established to run a work-site cholesterol screening project and a randomized controlled trial of dietary interventions. METHODS. Screening was offered to all staff at six Australian hospitals. Participants with blood cholesterol of 5.2 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or above were randomly allocated to receive screening only (control group), a self-help package, or a nutrition course. Participants were seen 3 and 6 months after intervention to measure blood cholesterol and dietary changes. RESULTS. Eighty percent of available staff (n = 2638) were screened. Of those eligible, 67% (n = 683) entered the trial. Follow-up measures of blood cholesterol and dietary intake were obtained for 63% and 38% of trial participants, respectively. A reduction in reported dietary fat was found for all groups, but there were no significant differences between groups. Reported dietary fiber rose by 0.6 g/MJ/day for those in the nutrition course. There were no changes in total blood or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS. Cholesterol reduction was not demonstrated, but this result is difficult to interpret given the poor ongoing participation rates. Strategies to improve ongoing participation in work-site projects are needed to achieve adequate assessment of dietary interventions used in cholesterol screening.

Worksite nutrition education can lower total cholesterol levels and promote weight loss among police department employees
Briley, M. E., D. H. Montgomery, et al. (1992), J Am Diet Assoc 92(11): 1382-4.
Abstract: Individuals who work in law enforcement careers are often subjected to stress that can result in health and emotional disorders. Many police departments have begun to offer wellness programs to support their employees. This pilot study designed and implemented a nutrition education component for an existing police department wellness program. Twenty-eight subjects completed the 12-month study that included nutrition counseling, seminars on nutrition and eating behaviors, and monitoring of weight and blood lipid levels. There was a significant group trend for decreased weight and lower total cholesterol levels. Results of the study led to the development of health policy standards for the Austin (Tex) Police Department. Wellness programs that involve registered dietitians can result in weight loss and lower cholesterol levels for employees in high-stress occupations as well as changes in departmental policy.

Worksite screening for high blood cholesterol: implications for detection, evaluation and treatment--the Israel CORDIS Study
Green, M. S., E. Jucha, et al. (1992), Isr J Med Sci 28(7): 406-17.
Abstract: Current recommendations for optimal blood cholesterol levels could have major implications for the detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in Israel. During 1985-87, in the framework of the CORDIS Study, a sample of 3,556 males and 1,558 females, aged 20-64, employed in Israeli industry were screened at the worksite for lipids, lipoproteins and other cardiovascular risk factors. From the age-group 20-24 to 60-64 years, the prevalence of high blood cholesterol (greater than 239 mg/dl) increased from 1.6% to 34.3% for males and from 5.4% to 36.7% for females. Ethnic differences were present, with those from Western countries generally having the highest prevalence. When examined in two age-groups, 20-44 and 45-64 years respectively, 28.6% and 54% of males and 8.8% and 37.5% of females had a combination of cholesterol levels and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors for which lipoprotein analysis is currently recommended. There was an increase in the prevalence of high blood cholesterol with increased number of non-lipid CHD risk factors (for 0 to greater than or equal to 3 risk factors, age-adjusted prevalence ranged from 18.2 to 37.5% for males and 9.6% to 41.4% for females). Less than 5% of those with high blood cholesterol were aware of their condition, and less than 1% were under treatment. The prevalence of high blood cholesterol in the working population is Israel appears to be similar to that of the United States. Age-related changes in low density and high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are such that monitoring of cholesterol in most people need not be more frequent than every 3-5 years. Any cholesterol screening program should be designed to allow for varying schedules according to age, sex and the presence of other risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

XbaI polymorphism of the apolipoprotein B gene and plasma lipid and lipoprotein response to dietary fat and cholesterol: a clinical trial
Friedlander, Y., N. A. Kaufmann, et al. (1993), Clin Genet 43(5): 223-31.
Abstract: A dietary trial was carried out on a group of offspring whose parents were hospitalized for an acute myocardial infarction. The XbaI Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was used to examine the genetic contribution of variation at this apo B locus to the response of lipids and lipoproteins to dietary manipulations. Twenty participants were homozygotes for the 8.0 kb fragment (X1X1), two were homozygotes for the 5.0 kb fragment (X2X2), and 15 were heterozygotes (X1X2). Subjects were randomized to a 5-week crossover study. Half began on a low SFA--cholesterol (LSC) diet for 5 weeks and, after a washout period of 4 weeks, they were placed on a high SFA--cholesterol (HSC) diet for a second period of 5 weeks. This order was reversed in the second group of participants. Significant changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and apo B were observed when subjects were moved from the LSC to the HSF diet. The corresponding average change induced by the dietary manipulations in X1X1 subjects compared with subjects with X2 allele were: 18.1 +/- 17.6 mg/dl and 9.5 +/- 19.6 mg/dl for total cholesterol and 15.8 +/- 15.3 mg/dl and 4.8 +/- 20.9 mg/dl for LDL-C, respectively. Our observation indicated that variation at the apo B XbaI locus may interact with baseline levels to determine individual dietary response in LDL-C level. However, the differences between the genotypic classes were not statistically significant, suggesting that the apo B XbaI locus is not a major determinant of interindividual differences in lipid and lipoprotein response to diet in this population.

X-Linked dominant disorders of cholesterol biosynthesis in man and mouse
Herman, G. E. (2000), Biochim Biophys Acta 1529(1-3): 357-73.
Abstract: The X-linked dominant male-lethal mouse mutations tattered and bare patches are homologous to human X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata and CHILD syndrome, rare human skeletal dysplasias. These disorders also affect the skin and can cause cataracts and microphthalmia in surviving, affected heterozygous females. They have recently been shown to result from mutations in genes encoding enzymes involved in sequential steps in the conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol. This review will summarize clinical features of the disorders and describe recent biochemical and molecular investigations that have resulted in the elucidation of the involved genes and their metabolic pathway. Finally, speculations about possible mechanisms of pathogenesis will be provided.

X-linked ichthyosis: development of a new cellular and metabolic model of cholesterol sulfate
Levade, T. (1998), Ann Dermatol Venereol 125 Suppl 2: S37-8.

X-linked ichthyosis: relation between cholesterol sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate and patient's age
Delfino, M., E. M. Procaccini, et al. (1998), Br J Dermatol 138(4): 655-7.
Abstract: Steroid sulphatase deficiency is a feature of recessive X-linked ichthyosis (RXLI) that causes the accumulation of sulphated steroids (SS) in various organs and cells. In a previous study, we detected elevated cholesterol sulphate (CS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) serum levels in a group of 15 RXLI patients selected in a narrow age range. In the present study both CS and DHEAS serum levels were qualitatively and quantitatively determined using gas-chromatographic analysis in a group of 33 RXLI patients ranging in age from 3 to 70 years. The levels of CS and DHEAS were significantly increased in all patients. Variations in SS were related both to patients' ages and clinical course of the disease; Serum SS levels start to increase in early infancy, peak at puberty, remain elevated in adults and decrease slightly in the elderly.

X-ray structure of the hRORalpha LBD at 1.63 A: structural and functional data that cholesterol or a cholesterol derivative is the natural ligand of RORalpha
Kallen, J. A., J. M. Schlaeppi, et al. (2002), Structure (Camb) 10(12): 1697-707.
Abstract: The retinoic acid-related orphan receptor alpha (RORalpha) is an orphan member of the subfamily 1 of nuclear hormone receptors. No X-ray structure of RORalpha has been described so far, and no ligand has been identified. We describe the first crystal structure of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RORalpha, at 1.63 A resolution. This structure revealed a ligand present in the ligand binding pocket (LBP), which was identified by X-ray crystallography as cholest-5-en-3beta-ol (cholesterol). Moreover, RORalpha transcriptional activity could be modulated by changes in intracellular cholesterol level or mutation of residues involved in cholesterol binding. These findings suggest that RORalpha could play a key role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and thus represents an important drug target in cholesterol-related diseases.

Year-to-year variability of cholesterol levels in a pediatric practice
Benuck, I., S. S. Gidding, et al. (1995), Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 149(3): 292-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To study the impact of the variability of blood cholesterol levels, which are known to vary spontaneously. The impact of this variability on screening for hypercholesterolemia according to National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) guidelines was reviewed in a private pediatric practice. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Private pediatric practice. PATIENTS: Children (N = 646) aged 3 to 19 years. INTERVENTION: Cholesterol measurements at a mean interval of 19 months between visits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Year-to-year change in cholesterol levels according to NCEP guidelines, regression to the mean, age, pubertal status, body mass index, hematocrit, interval between measurements, and season of the year were assessed for their contribution to cholesterol level variability. RESULTS: Cholesterol level varied significantly with both age (P <.001) and pubertal status (P <.01) with children aged 9 to 12 years; prepubertal children had the highest levels. Visit-to-visit consistency of NCEP classification was poorer for younger children than for older children (kappa = 0.21 for 3- to 6-year-olds, 0.39 for 6- to 10-year-olds, and 0.44 for those older than 10 years). Of children with initial total cholesterol levels of 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) or greater, only 40% continued to have high levels at follow-up. A child with an initial cholesterol value of 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) showed an average decline of 0.34 mmol/L (13 mg/dL) at follow-up by regression analysis. CONCLUSION: Year-to-year variability in total cholesterol level has a significant impact on the stability of NCEP classification.

YM-53601, a novel squalene synthase inhibitor, reduces plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in several animal species
Ugawa, T., H. Kakuta, et al. (2000), Br J Pharmacol 131(1): 63-70.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potency of YM-53601 ((E)-2-2-fluoro-2-(quinuclidin-3-ylidene) ethoxy-9H-carbazole monohydrochloride), a new inhibitor of squalene synthase, in reducing both plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, compared with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor and fibrates, respectively. YM-53601 equally inhibited squalene synthase activities in hepatic microsomes prepared from several animal species and also suppressed cholesterol biosynthesis in rats (ED(50), 32 mg kg(-1)). In guinea-pigs, YM-53601 and pravastatin reduced plasma nonHDL-C (=total cholesterol - high density lipoprotein cholesterol) by 47% (P<0.001) and 33% (P<0.001), respectively (100 mg kg(-1), daily for 14 days). In rhesus monkeys, YM-53601 decreased plasma nonHDL-C by 37% (50 mg kg(-1), twice daily for 21 days, P<0.01), whereas the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, failed to do (25 mg kg(-1), twice daily for 28 days). YM-53601 caused plasma triglyceride reduction in hamsters fed a normal diet (81% decrease at 50 mg kg(-1), daily for 5 days, P<0.001). In hamsters fed a high-fat diet, the ability of YM-53601 to lower triglyceride (by 73%, P<0.001) was superior to that of fenofibrate (by 53%, P<0.001), the most potent fibrate (dosage of each drug: 100 mg kg(-1), daily for 7 days). This is the first report that a squalene synthase inhibitor is superior to an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in lowering plasma nonHDL-C level in rhesus monkeys and is superior to a fibrate in significantly lowering plasma triglyceride level. YM-53601 may therefore prove useful in treating hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in humans.

Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus does not lower blood lipids in healthy men and women with normal to borderline high serum cholesterol levels
de Roos, N. M., G. Schouten, et al. (1999), Eur J Clin Nutr 53(4): 277-80.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether intake of Lactobacillus acidophilus strain L-1 lowers serum cholesterol in healthy men and women. DESIGN: Randomised, placebo-controlled parallel trial. SETTING: Subjects were free-living. Blood sampling and distribution of yoghurts were administered at a local hospital. SUBJECTS: Seventy-eight adult men and women with cholesterol levels of 3.9-7.8 mmol/L (mean +/- s.d., 5.4+/-0.7). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects consumed 500 mL of control yoghurt daily for two weeks. They were then randomly allocated to receive 500 mL per day of control yoghurt or of yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus L-1 for another six weeks. The yoghurts were spiked with a trace of lithium; compliance as assessed by plasma lithium was excellent. RESULTS: Energy and nutrient intake was constant, and identical for the two groups. Mean body weight was stable. Baseline blood lipid concentrations in the control and treatment groups were highly similar. The effect of consumption of Lactobacillus acidophilus L-1 vs. control on total cholesterol was -0.02 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.18-0.15) after three weeks and 0.04 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.12-0.20) after six weeks. Serum LDL and HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels were also unaffected. CONCLUSIONS: Yoghurt enriched with Lactobacillus acidophilus L-1 does not lower serum cholesterol in men and women with normal to borderline high cholesterol levels.

Yolk and serum cholesterol and production traits, as affected by incorporating a supraoptimal amount of copper in the diet of the leghorn hen
al Ankari, A., H. Najib, et al. (1998), Br Poult Sci 39(3): 393-7.
Abstract: 1. An experiment was conducted to investigate the possibility of lowering the yolk cholesterol of the egg by supplementing the diet with supraoptimal amounts of copper (50, 150 or 250 mg/kg) as sulphate or acetate. 2. A significant reduction in egg production and a negative effect on food conversion was found when 250 mg/kg of copper was added compared to the control (no added copper). Acetate seemed significantly less harmful in both cases. 3. A significant linear reduction was found in plasma and yolk cholesterol (20% and 14%) and in plasma and yolk triglycerides (24% and 30%) as the dietary copper content was increased from 0 to 250 mg/kg. 4. Regardless of type or quantity of copper, cholesterol and lipids were decreased linearly as birds remained longer on the treatments. A significant interaction between quantity and period showed a greater reduction at a later time. 5. If slightly lower egg production can be accepted, the addition of 250 mg/kg copper might be beneficial in reducing the cholesterol content of the yolk.

Yolk sac cholesteryl ester secretion rates can be manipulated in the Golden Syrian hamster: effect of yolk sac cholesterol concentrations
Hayden Lichtenberg, M., C. S. Wilke, et al. (2005), Biochim Biophys Acta 1735(3): 214-21.
Abstract: The yolk sac is one of two extra-embryonic fetal tissues that separates the fetal and maternal circulations. The yolk sac can secrete lipoprotein particles to the vitelline vessels, which supply yolk sac-derived nutrients to the embryo. The amount and composition of lipoproteins secreted from the rat yolk sac can be manipulated by fatty acid content and gestational age. The goals of the current studies were to determine, first, if tissue cholesterol concentration could mediate cholesterol secretion rate from the yolk sac and, second, if some of the secreted cholesterol could be derived from the maternal circulation. Golden Syrian hamsters were fed 2% added cholesterol to increase the yolk sac cholesterol concentration. Yolk sac explants secreted similar amounts of triglyceride and apolipoproteins B and E into the media regardless of yolk sac cholesterol concentration. In contrast, yolk sacs with greater cholesterol concentrations secreted 2.3-fold more cholesterol into the media as compared to control yolk sacs; the increase was found mostly as cholesteryl ester. At least part of the secreted cholesterol was maternally derived. These data demonstrate that yolk sac cholesterol concentration influences cholesterol secretion rates, and that at least some of the cholesterol secreted originates from the maternal circulation.

Youngsters dialing up cholesterol levels?
Goldsmith, M. F. (1990), Jama 264(23): 2976.

Your cholesterol might have to come down--way down
Comarow, A. (2001), US News World Rep 130(21): 46-8.

Zero-bias cholesterol and triglyceride proficiency survey
Stratton, M. D., V. P. Perna, et al. (1990), Clin Chem 36(10): 1855-6.

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