| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Cholesterol and mortality in heart failure: the bad gone good? Fonarow, G. C. and T. B. Horwich (2003), J Am Coll Cardiol 42(11): 1941-3. |
| Cholesterol and mortality in older patients Eaton, C. B. (1995), J Fam Pract 41(2): 196-7. |
| Cholesterol and myelin Snipes, G. J. and U. Suter (1997), Subcell Biochem 28: 173-204. |
| Cholesterol and n-3 and n-6 fatty acid content in eggs from laying hens fed with red crab meal (Pleuroncodes planipes) Carrillo-Dominguez, S., M. E. Carranco-Jauregui, et al. (2005), Poult Sci 84(1): 167-72. Abstract: Red crab (Pleuroncodes planipes) is a marine crustacean that represents an abundant resource that has not been properly used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on cholesterol and n-3 and n-6 FA content in eggs when red crab meal (RCM) was included in laying hen rations. Ninety White Leghorn laying hens were randomly distributed into 3 treatments: control (0%RCM), 3% red crab meal (3%RCM), and 6% red crab meal (6%RCM) for 3 wk. Cholesterol and linoleic (LA), alpha-linolenic (ALA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Performance parameters and cholesterol content were not different among treatments (P > 0.05). Total lipids were different in the control group and 6%RCM (9.0 and 9.4% respectively) compared with 3%RCM (10.9%). With 3%RCM and 6%RCM, the levels of all fatty acids analyzed were higher than in the control. Diets with 3 and 6% RCM doubled the content of ALA (16.4 and 15.4 mg/100 g of egg, respectively). Eicosapentaenoic acid was lowest in 0%RCM (6 mg/100 g of egg) compared with 3%RCM (13 mg/100 g) and 6%RCM (17 mg/100 g). Similar results were obtained for DHA (56, 133, and 246 mg/100 g of egg). Linoleic acid and AA were highest (1,211 and 228 mg/100 g, respectively) with 3%RCM and with 6%RCM (1,151 and 200 mg/100 g, respectively) vs. control (890 and 163 mg/100 g). The ratio of n-6 to n-3 FA was 3 times lower with 6%RCM than in the control. It was concluded that inclusion of red crab meal in laying hen rations at levels of 3 and 6% (P < 0.05) increased the n-3 and n-6 fatty acids content in eggs. |
| Cholesterol and neoplasms Bindi, M., F. Quartieri, et al. (1996), Recenti Prog Med 87(12): 598. |
| Cholesterol and neuropathologic markers of AD: a population-based autopsy study Adair, J. (2002), Neurology 59(5): 788-9; author reply 789. |
| Cholesterol and neuropathologic markers of AD: a population-based autopsy study Launer, L. J., L. R. White, et al. (2001), Neurology 57(8): 1447-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of plasma cholesterol (total and high-density HDL and low-density lipoprotein) levels with neuritic plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in a population-based autopsy series of 218 Japanese American men followed as a part of the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. METHODS: Cholesterol levels were measured in late life (average age at death 84.6 years) in all subjects (n = 218) and in midlife (20 years before late life) in a subsample (n = 89); for the analyses, levels were categorized into quintiles, with the lowest quintile serving as the reference. Tissue from four areas of neocortex and two areas of hippocampus was prepared with Bielschowsky silver-stained sections and evaluated by one of three neuropathologists who were blinded to clinical information. Diffuse and neuritic plaques and NFT were counted in field areas standardized to 1 mm(2). Fields were selected from areas with the highest numbers of lesions, and the field with the highest count was taken to represent the brain area. RESULTS: After adjusting for age at death, education, APOE allele, dementia, neuropathologic infarction, and blood pressure, a strong linear association was found for increasing late-life HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and an increasing number of neocortical NP (5th versus 1st quintile: count ratio 95% CI 2.30 1.05 to 5.06) and hippocampal (2.63 1.25 to 5.50) and neocortical (4.20 1.73 to 10.16) NFT. Trends were similar for the midlife HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS: The constituents of HDL-C may play a role in the formation of AD pathology, and these processes are reflected in peripheral measures. |
| Cholesterol and noncardiac mortality Goldstein, M. R. (1992), Jama 267(20): 2740-1. |
| Cholesterol and non-cardiovascular disease: basic science Sullivan, D. (1994), Aust N Z J Med 24(1): 92-7. Abstract: Cholesterol metabolism is of fundamental biological importance. This review examines the role of cholesterol metabolism in relation to non-cardiovascular disease (non-CVD). Particular attention is paid to the question of whether or not low levels of cholesterol may have harmful effects on cell function or lead to pathological processes. Many in vitro phenomena have been demonstrated at levels of cholesterol which are very low in comparison to physiological conditions. Nevertheless, low cholesterol is more favourable than high cholesterol for most aspects of cell function. There is no evidence that any catastrophic cellular response or pathological process occurs due to exposure of organisms to low cholesterol. On the other hand, the inflammatory process is a powerful and consistent cause of decreased cholesterol levels. This, together with other confounding factors, appears to explain a major component of the association between low cholesterol levels and non-CVD. |
| Cholesterol and nutrition Fabricio, T. (1991), Nord Med 106(6-7): 196-7. |
| Cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids inhibit Na, K-ATPase activity in human endothelial cells Mayol, V., M. J. Duran, et al. (1999), Atherosclerosis 142(2): 327-33. Abstract: We have investigated the effects of cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) on Na, K-ATPase activity in human endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cultured HUVEC were incubated for 18 h with pure egg phosphatidylcholine (PC), or cholesterol-enriched liposomes (4 mg PC/ml). EPA and DHA alpha-tocopherol-acetate were emulsified with PC and incubated with HUVEC (10 mM). Na, K-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were determined using the coupled assay method on microsomal fractions obtained from cultured cells using non treated cells as control. Cholesterol enrichment significantly reduced both Na, K-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase activities by a similar level (- 40%), whereas pure phospholipid liposomes inhibited this activity only by 22%. The dose-response curves of Na, K-ATPase activity were all biphasic assuming the presence of two independent sites exhibiting different affinities for ouabain of nM and microM respectively. The cholesterol induced inhibitory effect was greater for low affinity sites (-54%) as compared to that of the high affinity sites (-24%) whereas omega-3 fatty acids reduced the activity of both sites by 22%. Short term effects of EPA and DHA on Na, K-ATPase activity were determined by incubating microsomal fractions from untreated cells with various concentrations of free fatty acids (from 1 to 200 microM) for 20 min. Both EPA and DHA significantly reduced Na, K-ATPase activity but inhibition by EPA seems to be more effective than DHA. These results suggest that cholesterol and omega-3 fatty acids reduce Na, K-ATPase activity in HUVEC. |
| Cholesterol and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: a pilot study Alagiakrishnan, K., L. E. Mereu, et al. (2003), J Am Geriatr Soc 51(10): 1510-1. |
| Cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors among employees of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Prevalence and influence of social variables Nogueira Ada, R., P. M. Alves, et al. (1990), Arq Bras Cardiol 55(4): 227-32. Abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the presence of cardiovascular risk factors in employees of the "Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro". PATIENTS AND METHODS: A survey of 250 men age ranging from 35 to 64 years, randomly selected among 4651 employees of URFJ, was done. They were invited by letter to a consultation at which previously trained personnel applied a questionnaire to investigate about their education level, income, occupation, smoking habit, and use of anti-hypertensive drugs. They also had their blood pressure, height and weight measured and underwent a blood sample collection for serum cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol analysis. This procedure followed a standardized protocol. RESULTS: Two hundred and nine subjects (83.6%) were examined. The characteristics of age, education, and occupation were similar for responders and non-responders. The mean (+/- standard deviation) for total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were respectively: 210 +/- 21.9 mg/dl; 41.1 +/- 12.4 mg/dl; 129.7 +/- 24.0 and 80.4 +/- 17.7. The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and smoking were: 30%, 22% and 38%. The prevalence of these risk factors together was 4%. Only SBP and DBP were statistically different when analyzed by income or education strata. There was a strong positive correlation between body mass index and serum cholesterol and blood pressure levels. CONCLUSION: In spite of the high education level and income of this sample for brazilian standards, the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases is very high, especially for the overweight and the socially less favoured. More precise indicators of dietary habits and socio-economic and cultural status are necessary to develop adequate interventional strategies. The control of obesity seems to be a desirable goal in achieving the concurrent control of associated risk factors. |
| Cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors in a working population in Ile-de-France (France): first results of the PCV-METRA study Laurier, D., N. P. Chau, et al. (1992), Eur J Epidemiol 8(5): 693-701. Abstract: In 1989, the French PCV-METRA Group (PCV-METRA = Prevention Cardio-Vasculaire en Medecine du Travail) started a large prospective survey of cardiovascular (CDV) morbidity and mortality and of CVD risk factors, especially cholesterol, in a working population in Ile-de-France, a region including Paris. This report presents the first results of this study, based on a sample of 5758 men and 2603 women, aged 18-65 years. The variables examined included the levels of total cholesterol 1/2 (TC), High-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and the other major CVD risk factors (smoking, sedentary way of life, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, use of oral contraceptives and familial history of CVD risks). TC and LDL-C significantly increased with age. The changes with age were significantly different in men and women. The levels were similar in both sexes at less than 30 yrs, increased sharply for men after age 30 and were significantly higher in men than in women from 30 to 55 yrs. Beyond 55 yrs, no difference was observed between the two sexes. In contrast, HDL-C was higher in women at all age ranges. In the total sample, 35% of men and 21% of women were hypercholesterolemic (TC > or = 2.4 g/L). Our observations fully confirm and refine previous findings in the US and in other European countries. In addition, a substantial set of data on CVD risk factors for the working population in France, especially for female subjects for whom data are scanty, is now available. |
| Cholesterol and other lipids predict coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke in the elderly, but only in those below 70 years Simons, L. A., J. Simons, et al. (2001), Atherosclerosis 159(1): 201-8. Abstract: The prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke by total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in older persons remains problematical. This study tests the hypothesis that cholesterol and other risk factors may be differentially predictive of CHD and ischaemic stroke in older persons when they are segregated into different age groups. CHD and ischaemic stroke outcomes were recorded during 129 months follow-up in a cohort of 2805 men and women of 60 years and older. There were 899 CHD events (32/100) and 326 stroke events (12/100). Using Cox proportional hazards, outcomes were modelled for the total cohort and for age groups 60-69, 70-79, and 80+ years. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, serum apo-B, total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apo-B/apo-A1 were significant predictors of CHD in the total cohort, but significant only in the sub-group of 60-69 years. The respective hazard ratios (CI 95%) were 1.21 (1.09-1.35), 1.21 (1.09-1.35), 1.25 (1.13-1.39), 1.25 (1.14-1.37) and 1.21 (1.10-1.38). Similar findings were applicable with respect to ischaemic stroke in the age group of 60-69 years. Total cholesterol predicted CHD in men above a threshold value of 7.06 mmol/l and in women above 7.8 mmol/l, but with stroke the prediction was incremental. Other risk factors such as HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, lipoprotein(a), diabetes, hypertension and smoking predicted CHD, although only HDL and hypertension similarly predicted ischaemic stroke. The findings support a case for cholesterol testing in older subjects up to 70 years, in whom there is ancillary evidence of CHD and stroke prevention through treatment designed to reduce LDL cholesterol. |
| Cholesterol and other membrane active sterols: from membrane evolution to "rafts" Barenholz, Y. (2002), Prog Lipid Res 41(1): 1-5. Abstract: The appearance of "membrane-active sterols" in biological membranes of eukaryocytes is one of the major steps in membrane evolution. This is exemplified best by membrane-active sterols of mammalia. The effect of membrane-active sterols on controlling membrane permeability by reducing average "fluidity" and free volume is well established. Recently it became clear that cholesterol also has a key role in the lateral organization of membranes and free volume distribution. The latter two parameters seem to be involved in controlling membrane protein activity and "raft" formation. Such an effect allows for the fine tuning of membrane lipid composition, organization/dynamics, and function. |
| Cholesterol and other risk factors in schoolchildren Balaguer Vintro, I. (1993), Rev Esp Cardiol 46(10): 623-5. |
| Cholesterol and oxygenated cholesterol concentrations are markedly elevated in peripheral tissue but not in brain from mice with the Niemann-Pick type C phenotype Tint, G. S., P. Pentchev, et al. (1998), J Inherit Metab Dis 21(8): 853-63. Abstract: Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, frequent developmental delay and early death. Tissues of affected individuals accumulate large quantities of free cholesterol in lysosomes. Because cytotoxic oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol are known to form readily when cholesterol concentrations are elevated, we searched for these compounds in liver, kidney, spleen and brain from mice with the NP-C phenotype. In order of abundance, we identified 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, 5 alpha, 6 alpha-epoxycholestan-3 beta-ol, 4 beta-hydroxycholesterol, cholest-4-en-3 beta, 7 alpha-diol and cholest-4-en-3 beta, 6 beta-diol in most tissue samples. Cholesterol concentrations in affected mice were increased 3-fold in kidney and 7- to 8-fold in spleen and liver compared to controls (all p < 0.001) but were unchanged in brain. Although oxysterol levels were markedly elevated in nonbrain tissue, the oxysterol and cholesterol concentrations increased proportionally so that oxysterols expressed as percentage of total sterols were the same for all animals (0.34 +/- 0.19% averaged over all organs in affected animals vs 0.40 +/- 0.42% in control mice). In contrast to peripheral tissue, we could not detect any increase in either absolute or relative oxysterol levels in the brains of affected and control mice (49 +/- 61 vs 53 +/- 43 micrograms/g wet weight and 0.45 +/- 0.52 vs 0.47 +/- 0.37%, respectively). Thus, brain sterols are normal in NP-C mice and it is unlikely that an accumulation of cytotoxic oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol could account for the progressive neuropathology seen in the disease. |
| Cholesterol and oxysterol metabolism and subcellular distribution in macrophage foam cells. Accumulation of oxidized esters in lysosomes Brown, A. J., E. L. Mander, et al. (2000), J Lipid Res 41(2): 226-37. Abstract: Cholesterol- and cholesteryl ester-rich macrophage foam cells, characteristic of atherosclerotic lesions, are often generated in vitro using oxidized low density lipoprotein (OxLDL). However, relatively little is known of the nature and extent of sterol deposition in these cells or of its relationship to the foam cells formed in atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this study was to examine the content and cellular processing of sterols in OxLDL-loaded macrophages, and to compare this with macrophages loaded with acetylated LDL (AcLDL; cholesteryl ester-loaded cells containing no oxidized lipids) or 7-ketocholesterol-enriched acetylated LDL (7KCAcLDL; cholesteryl ester-loaded cells selectively supplemented with 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), the major oxysterol present in OxLDL). Both cholesterol and 7KC and their esters were measured in macrophages after uptake of these modified lipoproteins. Oxysterols comprised up to 50% of total sterol content of OxLDL-loaded cells. Unesterified 7KC and cholesterol partitioned into cell membranes, with no evidence of retention of either free sterol within lysosomes. The cells also contained cytosolic, ACAT-derived, cholesteryl and 7-ketocholesteryl esters. The proportion of free cholesterol and 7KC esterified by ACAT was 10-fold less in OxLDL-loaded cells than in AcLDL or 7KCAcLDL-loaded cells. This poor esterification rate in OxLDL-loaded cells was partly caused by fatty acid limitation. OxLDL-loaded macrophages also contained large (approximately 40-50% total cell sterol content) pools of oxidized esters, containing cholesterol or 7KC esterified to oxidized fatty acids. These were insensitive to ACAT inhibition, very stable and located in lysosomes, indicating resistance to lysosomal esterases. Macrophages loaded with OxLDL do not accumulate free sterols in their lysosomal compartment, but do accumulate lysosomal deposits of OxLDL-derived cholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol esterified to oxidized fatty acids. The presence of similar deposits in lesion foam cells would represent a pool of sterols that is particularly resistant to removal. |
| Cholesterol and pathological processes in Alzheimer's disease Yanagisawa, K. (2002), J Neurosci Res 70(3): 361-6. Abstract: Fundamental questions on the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are how nontoxic, soluble amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is converted to its toxic, aggregated form and how functional tau is hyperphosphorylated to form neurofibrillary tangles. Growing evidence from recent biochemical and cell biological studies suggests that altered cholesterol metabolism in neurons may underlie such pathological processes. The possibility that cholesterol is a risk factor in the development of AD has also been supported by recent epidemiological studies. Based on this line of evidence, it is noteworthy to examine the potency of cholesterol-lowering medicine and/or diet in suppressing the development or the progression of AD. |