| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Cholesterol and its derivatives, are the principal steroids isolated from the leech species Hirudo medicinalis Zipser, B., J. J. Bradford, et al. (1998), Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 120(2): 269-82. Abstract: Steroids were isolated from the blood-sucking leech species Hirudo medicinalis and their structure was studied with one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy (DQF-COSY and HMQC), GC-MS and ESI-MS spectrometry. Fractionating leech lipid using silicic acid chromatography led to the isolation of cholesterol in an early chloroform-eluted peak. Only minor traces of cholest-4-en-3-one, 4 beta-methylcholesterol, and sitosterol were present. The subsequent acetone-eluted fraction contained steroidtriols that were further purified by preparative TLC; these included cholest-7-ene-3,5,6 triol, cholest-4,7-diene-3,6,15 triol and to a lesser amount, cholestane-3,5,6 triol. A developmental study on cholesterol content in the leech showed that it is also the principal steroid in embryonic and freshly hatched leeches prior to feeding. The abundance of cholesterol, comprising approximately 5% of the total leech lipid, suggests that H. medicinalis, a blood sucking leech, has adapted itself fully to its mammalian host in terms of its steroid content. It remains to be seen whether lipids are directly transferred from the host to the parasite or whether leeches have evolved mechanisms to synthesize their own steroids. |
| Cholesterol and its fractions in women after ovariectomy treated with estraderm TTS Matuszewski, W. and J. Wieczorek (1996), Ginekol Pol 67(4): 186-9. Abstract: 25 ovariectomized women mean age 47 +/- 5 years were treated with transdermal 17 beta Estradiol in the shape of Estraderm TTS 100 plasters. Drugs were administrated in 28 days cycles during 24 weeks. Chlormadinon in daily dose 2 mg was added from 16 to 28th day of the fourth therapeutic cycle. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL fractions were checked using enzymatic method. First measurement was done before the treatment, the next in the last day of every cycle. Results were statistically analysed. After treatment there were significant increase in the mean values of HDL, significant decrease of triglycerides. Changes in mean level of LDL and total cholesterol were not statistically significant. Our results seem to confirm the previous observations concerned with transdermal estrogen replacement therapy and its efficacy in atherosclerosis prophylaxis. |
| Cholesterol and its lipoprotein fraction in serum and bile of patients with cholelithiasis Wojczys, R. and J. Dolinski (1992), Pol Tyg Lek 47(46-48): 1039-41. Abstract: Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and triglycerides were assayed in the blood serum and bile from the liver and gallbladder of both normal individuals and patients with cholelithiasis. It was found that all assayed parameters are significantly higher in patients with cholelithiasis. An increase in total cholesterol and HDL was seen in the bile from the liver whereas an increase in the level of unstable LDL by about four fold with simultaneous decrease in HDL level were found in the bile from the gallbladder. These differences in lipoprotein fractions level in patients with cholelithiasis indicate systemic disorders in cholesterol metabolism. |
| Cholesterol and lipid levels in the hair: indicators of the lipid metabolism balance Mogos, T., J. Stanescu, et al. (1991), Rom J Intern Med 29(1-2): 85-9. Abstract: A new method of long term, retrospective evaluation of the lipid metabolism balance, by cholesterol and lipid assays in the human hair, is described. The correlation index between the blood and the hair cholesterol and lipid concentrations was + 0.980 and + 0.9925, respectively. The effects of hypolipemic diet and drug therapy on the cholesterol and lipid values were studied comparatively in the blood and in successive hair segments. The results demonstrate that the new method permits an evaluation of the therapy effectiveness and of the lipid metabolism variations during several weeks or months. |
| Cholesterol and lipid peroxidation in 3 beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)- androst-5-en-17-oneHCl (U18666A) induced cataractogenesis in rats Yadav, S. and U. M. Rawal (1992), Indian J Exp Biol 30(2): 147-8. Abstract: Decrease in cholesterol was observed in precataractous, cataractous, advance nuclear cataractous and non-cataractous lenses when 3 beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-androst-5-en-17- oneHCl (U18666A) was injected, sc, to rats. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed before the onset of any apparent lenticular opacity in U18666A treated rats. The results suggest that decrease in cholesterol is capable of altering the structural integrity of lens fibers. However, 12.5% decrease in cholesterol and 5% increase in lipid peroxidation observed in non-cataractous lenses indicated that these changes are not sufficient for any apparent opacification. |
| Cholesterol and lipid screening in the fasting state Burgess, W. C., Jr. (1995), Am Fam Physician 52(8): 2184, 2187. |
| Cholesterol and lipids in depression: stress, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis, and inflammation/immunity Huang, T. L. and J. F. Chen (2005), Adv Clin Chem 39: 81-105. |
| Cholesterol and lipoprotein (a) levels in psoriasis Stinson, J., E. O'Toole, et al. (1995), Ir Med J 88(4): 128-9. Abstract: Psoriasis is a common condition in the western world, but is uncommon in populations with a low prevalence of atherosclerosis such as Japanese, Blacks and indigenous North Americans. Psoriasis appeared to be more prevalent amongst patients attending our lipid clinic compared to the general population. Lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) is elevated in conditions such as coronary heart disease and protein loosing nephropathies. Psoriasis is a condition of increased epidermal protein turnover and loss and thus it might be postulated that increased levels of Lp(a) may be found in patients with psoriasis. The aim of this study was to explore an association between psoriasis and Lp(a) and lipid profiles. No association was found between Lp(a) concentrations and psoriasis. Although six of 36 patients were found to have a cholesterol greater than 7.5 mmol L-1, the mean cholesterol for this group was not elevated. |
| Cholesterol and lipoprotein levels as predictors of response to interferon for hepatitis C Toyoda, H. and T. Kumada (2000), Ann Intern Med 133(11): 921. |
| Cholesterol and lipoprotein levels in Milanese children: relation to nutritional and familial factors Giovannini, M., R. Bellu, et al. (1992), J Am Coll Nutr 11 Suppl: 28S-31S. Abstract: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis in adults and children. This study investigated the levels of lipoproteins in a northern Italian pediatric population, in relation to nutritional and familial factors. We studied 650 children on the basis of a 3-day dietary record; 361 of these children had their lipid levels total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides measured by a dry, multilayer method and apoprotein A-I and B by an immunonephelometric method. Familial history of cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia was recorded. Anthropometric variables were taken for each child. Mean TC and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were high compared with southern Italian data, but similar to those of other Western countries. Family history of cardiovascular disease could not identify children with higher levels of atherogenic lipoprotein. Nutritional factors affected lipoprotein levels. The most important finding was a higher TC/HDL-C ratio in the lower quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Obese children had higher levels of ApoB, triglycerides, TC and LDL-C, and lower levels of HDL-C; figures were higher for obese boys than for obese girls. Our study confirms a high prevalence of elevated levels of atherogenic lipoproteins among the northern Italian pediatric population and an association with nutritional factors and weight. |
| Cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in aging: reversal of hypercholesterolemia by growth hormone treatment in old rats Parini, P., B. Angelin, et al. (1999), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19(4): 832-9. Abstract: Plasma cholesterol levels increase with age, as does the incidence of coronary heart disease. The mechanisms responsible for the age-related hypercholesterolemia are not well understood. An interesting hypothesis suggests that the relative deficiency in growth hormone (GH), which occurs with aging, contributes to the development of the age-related hypercholesterolemia, because GH has beneficial effects on cholesterol metabolism. In the present work, we tested this hypothesis by the administration of GH to normal rats of varying ages. Plasma lipids and hepatic cholesterol metabolism were characterized in 2-, 12-, and 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. In 2-month-old rats, GH specifically stimulated the hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression in a dose-dependent way, both at the protein level and at the mRNA level. Concomitantly, plasma cholesterol increased by approximately 30% within the large high density lipoprotein and LDL fractions. In 12-month-old animals, cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (C7alphaOH) activity was reduced, whereas hepatic LDL receptors and plasma total cholesterol were unchanged. GH treatment (1 mg. kg-1. d-1) normalized the activity of C7alphaOH and had effects on plasma cholesterol and LDL receptors similar to those seen in 2-month-old animals. In 18-month-old rats, plasma cholesterol was increased 2-fold, whereas hepatic LDL receptor expression and C7alphaOH activity were similar to those of the 12-month-old animals. Infusion of GH to 18-month-old rats had similar effects on hepatic C7alphaOH and LDL receptors as seen in 12-month-old rats. However, GH treatment strongly reduced the hypercholesterolemia in 18-month-old animals. We conclude that the age-dependent increase of plasma cholesterol in rats can be reversed by the administration of GH, presumably through the pleiotropic effects of this hormone on lipoprotein metabolism. |
| Cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) as risk factors for coronary heart disease in elderly subjects Stober, C., A. Clarke, et al. (1994), Br J Biomed Sci 51(2): 114-8. Abstract: The changes in lipoprotein(a) concentration that occur with age as a result of its association with an increased risk of coronary artery disease were investigated. Lipoprotein(a) concentrations were measured in serum samples from healthy volunteers, individuals with premature coronary artery disease, individuals with hyperlipidaemia but without evidence of premature coronary artery disease, and also in elderly men and women who had hyperlipidaemia. Concentrations in individuals with premature coronary artery disease were the same as those of the healthy volunteers, while in both these groups they were lower than those found in hyperlipidaemic elderly men and women, and those found in hyperlipidaemic women aged 36-68 years. No association between raised lipoprotein(a) concentration and mortality as a result of premature coronary artery disease was demonstrated. Raised lipoprotein(a) levels found in the hyperlipidaemic individuals also suggested that it may not be an independent risk factor. |
| Cholesterol and lipoproteins: beyond atherogenesis Kuhn, F. E., E. R. Mohler, 3rd, et al. (1992), Clin Cardiol 15(12): 883-90. Abstract: Although much emphasis has been placed on the role of cholesterol and lipoproteins in atherosclerotic plaque formation, recent studies suggest that lipids have other vascular actions which may contribute to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. These include deleterious effects of lipids on platelet and endothelial cell function, coagulation, fibrinolysis, and prostacyclin metabolism. The purpose of this report is to review recent data regarding the nonatherogenic effects of lipids and provide insight as to how lipid lowering might contribute to clinically important improvements in vascular biology. |
| Cholesterol and lithium levels were correlated but serum HDL and total cholesterol levels were not associated with current mood state in bipolar patients Diaz-Sastre, C., M. M. Perez-Rodriguez, et al. (2005), J Clin Psychiatry 66(3): 399-400. |
| Cholesterol and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients Bo, M., U. Fiandra, et al. (1999), Age Ageing 28(3): 313-5. Abstract: METHOD: We investigated the association of total serum cholesterol concentrations and subsequent overall and coronary mortality in 304 patients aged > or =65 discharged from hospital after acute myocardial infarction. RESULTS: There was no association between total cholesterol concentrations and mortality due to either coronary heart disease or to all causes in all patients or, separately, in men, women, patients younger than 75 and patients aged 75 years and older. |
| Cholesterol and mental disorder Boston, P. F., S. M. Dursun, et al. (1996), Br J Psychiatry 169(6): 682-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Cholesterol plays an important part in cellular structure and function and changes in serum levels may affect neurotransmission in the central nervous system. METHOD: A MEDLINE literature search was made covering the period 1990-95 with systematic searching of citations from the articles identified. Representative articles were selected, focusing on those aspects which had not been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere, namely suicidal ideation, depression, personality and schizophrenia. RESULTS: Lowering cholesterol levels have been associated with an increase in violent deaths in cardiovascular primary prevention studies. However, altered cholesterol levels have also been reported in relation to other psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION: There is substantial evidence that serum cholesterol levels may be associated with variations in mental state or personality. Further work is needed to clarify this and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. |
| Cholesterol and mevalonic acid modulation in cell metabolism and multiplication Soma, M. R., A. Corsini, et al. (1992), Toxicol Lett 64-65 Spec No: 1-15. Abstract: Cholesterol in animals is a major structural component of cell membranes. It may therefore play a functional role in the modulation of cell osmolarity, the process of pinocytosis and the activities of membrane-associated proteins such as ionic pumps, immune responses, etc. A major relationship exists between the cell-growth processes and the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. The cholesterol needed for new membranes may be derived either from endogenous synthesis or from exogenous sources, principally plasma low-density-lipoproteins (LDL) which enter the cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Both these pathways are enhanced in rapidly growing cells. Conversely, if synthesis is inhibited and no exogenous cholesterol is available, cell growth is blocked. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMGCoA) reductase (the rate-limiting reaction in cholesterol biosynthesis) is the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMGCoA to mevalonic acid. It has been suggested that mevalonate may play an important role in cell proliferation. All cells need at least two products synthesized from mevalonate in order to proliferate, and the only one yet identified is cholesterol. Other melavonate-derived potential candidates as cell-cycle and cell-survival products include the dolichols ubiquinone side chains, isopentenyladenosine derivatives, etc. Furthermore, it has recently been shown that membrane association appears to be an important function in mevalonate-derive modifications of several important proteins such as cellular membrane G proteins, those coded for by oncogenes (ras proteins) and lamins (nuclear proteins). In recent years the development of cholesterol-synthesis-inhibiting drugs, for lowering plasma cholesterol levels has mainly been centred on the control of HMGCoA reductase activity (vastatins). However, because mevalonic acid is the precursor of numerous metabolites, any reduction of such activity may potentiate pleiotropic effects. Vastatins are now, therefore, receiving increased attention as potential pharmacological tools for the control of abnormal cell growth in pathological situations, i.e. tumours and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation under atherogenic conditions. In our laboratories, we have demonstrated that simvastatin can prevent arterial myocyte proliferation both in vivo and in vitro. Simvastatin can also inhibit in vitro the rate of human glioma cell growth, since it shows a strong synergistic inhibitory effect on cell proliferation when used in association with anticancer agents such as Carmustine or beta-interferon. Both simvastatin-induced cell growth inhibition and the synergy observed with these drugs can be completely reversed by incubating cells with mevalonate. This shows that the effect of simvastatin of cell proliferation is due to its specific inhibitory activity on intracellular mevalonate synthesis. |
| Cholesterol and mood states at 3 days after delivery Nasta, M. T., P. Grussu, et al. (2002), J Psychosom Res 52(2): 61-3. Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cholesterol and mood states in the initial puerperal period. The Profile of Mood States (POMS) was administered to 72 women on the third day after normal pregnancy, uncomplicated vaginal delivery and healthy baby. Plasma cholesterol concentration was measured the same day. Our study indicates that reduced plasma cholesterol concentration is associated with major feelings of fatigue and depressed mood. The implications of these results are discussed. |
| Cholesterol and mortality Skrabanek, P. (1993), J Clin Epidemiol 46(2): 209-10. |
| Cholesterol and mortality in elderly patients Rozzini, R., T. Sabatini, et al. (2004), J Am Geriatr Soc 52(3): 469-70; author reply 471. |