| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Nuclear sialyl cholesterol causes changes in the structure of chromatin and its transcription level followed by the promotion of neuritogenesis Yamashita, T. and S. Tsuji (1992), J Neurochem 58(4): 1360-4. Abstract: Exogenously added sialyl cholesterol (SC) induced neuritogenesis and accumulated in the nuclear fraction of a mouse neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro2a, as reported elsewhere. To clarify the significance of nuclear SC, we examined the structure of chromatin and its transcriptional level. The chromatin of SC-treated cells exhibits greater circular dichroism amplitude (260-310 nm) than that of nontreated cells. The transcriptional level of chromatin from SC-treated cells was significantly higher than that of nontreated cells. The chromatin structural change has a good correlation to the transcriptional enhancement. On the addition of SC to the chromatin of nontreated cells, the circular dichroism spectra increased in amplitude and the transcriptional level also increased in a concentration-dependent manner. alpha-Amanitin-treated cells did not show SC-dependent neuritogenesis. These results strongly suggest that nuclear SC affects gene expression, which results in promotion of the neuritogenesis of cells. |
| Nucleation and growth of cholesterol crystals. Kinetic determinants in supersaturated native bile Holzbach, R. T. and N. Busch (1991), Gastroenterol Clin North Am 20(1): 67-84. Abstract: Among the factors affecting the stability of supersaturated bile that culminates in the nucleation and growth of cholesterol crystals are biliary lipids. The abundance and composition of these lipids affect the composition of biliary vesicles that, if rich in cholesterol, are themselves unstable and that constitute precursor particles from which cholesterol crystals somehow arise. Kinetic factors can affect stability in either of two ways: They can inhibit cholesterol crystallization, thus stabilizing the system, or they can promote the process of cholesterol crystal nucleation, thus stabilizing the system. |
| Nucleation of biliary cholesterol, arachidonate, prostaglandin E2, and glycoproteins in postmenopausal women Marks, J. W., M. L. Uhler, et al. (1997), Gastroenterology 112(4): 1271-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND & AIMS: Among dieting obese patients, cholesterol gallstone formation is preceded by increases in levels of biliary cholesterol saturation, arachidonate, prostaglandin E2, total glycoproteins, and rapid nucleation of cholesterol. The aim of this study was to determine if similar increases occur among postmenopausal women with cholesterol crystals in their bile. METHODS: In 101 postmenopausal women without gallstones, gallbladder bile was sampled via nasoduodenal tube and analyzed. RESULTS: Nineteen of the women had saturated bile and crystals. Levels of cholesterol saturation, arachidonate, prostaglandin E2, and total glycoprotein were highest among women with cholesterol-saturated bile and cholesterol crystals and lowest among women with unsaturated bile. Levels were intermediate among women with saturated bile but no crystals. CONCLUSIONS: Among postmenopausal women, increases in levels of biliary cholesterol saturation, arachidonate, prostaglandin E2, and total glycoproteins may be important pathophysiologically in the rapid nucleation of cholesterol crystals. |
| Nucleation of cholesterol crystals from native bile and the effect of protein hydrolysis Pattinson, N. R. and K. E. Willis (1991), J Lipid Res 32(2): 215-21. Abstract: Nucleation time represents the terminal step in in vitro studies examining bile lithogenicity. Because of the concern that residual microcrystals, left after ultracentrifugation, may be responsible for the rapid nucleation time of gallbladder bile from patients with cholesterol gallstones, we have included a final filtration step. However, we found this procedure to considerably lengthen the nucleation time of abnormal biles. In view of the central importance of the nucleation assay we compared the effect of three commonly used gallbladder bile pre-treatment regimes (designed to remove endogenous crystals) on nucleation time. They were: a) immediate filtration of bile (0.22 micron filter); b) ultracentrifugation; and c) ultracentrifugation followed by filtration. The respective nucleation times were: a) 9.3 +/- 3.7 days, n = 6; b) 2.9 +/- 0.4 days, n = 10; c) 12.8 +/- 2.3 days, n = 11. To determine whether the dramatic change in nucleation time was due to the removal of components other than seed crystals, we examined the mucus content, the total lipid composition of bile, and that of its cholesterol transport components following the different pre-treatments. No significant difference in total lipid, percentage cholesterol carried by the transport components, or their cholesterol/phospholipid ratio were found. Ultracentrifugation alone was sufficient to removal all detectable large molecular weight mucus glycoprotein. Although nucleation time of the abnormal gallbladder samples was extended in the ultracentrifuged/filtered biles, it was still significantly different (P less than 0.01) from that of normal gallbladder biles, confirming an intrinsic difference between abnormal and normal biles, in cholesterol metastability. We also examined the effect of protein digestion on the nucleation time of native biles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Nucleation of cholesterol crystals in native bile Holzbach, R. T. (1990), Hepatology 12(3 Pt 2): 155S-159S; discussion 159S-161S. Abstract: Any substance capable of ultimately forming itself into a solid crystal must undergo an initial step of forming crystal nuclei. The nucleation step in crystallization for all such systems has been a difficult process to describe. Even the definition of what constitutes a "nucleus" remains elusive because one is dealing with a conceptual construct that is found only in the submicroscopic domain and therefore is inaccessible to direct measurement. Based on these considerations, the so-called nucleation time assay can at best only be taken as an empirical parameter. Nucleation (operationally defined) and growth of cholesterol monohydrate crystals in both model and native biles occurs rapidly after aggregation of supersaturated vesicles. Cholesterol made available for crystal growth also originates from the vesicular pathway and not directly from biliary micelles. The exact mechanism(s) governing this linked "precursor-product" relationship remains undefined. |
| Nucleation time, cholesterol saturation index, and biliary bile acid pattern. A comparison in responders and nonresponders to systemic litholysis with bile acids Janowitz, P., J. G. Wechsler, et al. (1991), Scand J Gastroenterol 26(4): 367-73. Abstract: In a 24-month trial of a combination therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid complete dissolution of radiolucent gallstones was achieved in 15 of 55 patients (27.3%). A decrease of stone volume of greater than 35% was achieved in a further 28 patients (50.9%). In 12 patients (21.8%) inadequate compliance (3.6%), a nonfunctioning gallbladder (3.6%), absence of size decrease (10.9%), or acute cholecystitis (3.6%) required interruption of therapy. Determination of the cholesterol saturation index (CSI) did not facilitate patient selection, nor was there a statistically significant difference between responders and nonresponders to dissolution therapy. In the course of treatment the average CSI showed a statistically significant decrease from 1.54 +/- 0.12 to 0.82 +/- 0.06 (p less than 0.001). Patients in whom complete dissolution was achieved and those in whom no improvement was observed differed significantly in nucleation time (4.7 +/- 0.8 versus 15.0 +/- 2.2 days; p less than 0.001) and initial gallstone volume (274 +/- 78 versus 1045 +/- 180 mm3). The nucleation time increased statistically significantly during the therapy in the successfully treated group. The percentages of glycocholic acid (8.1 +/- 1.13 versus 4.1 +/- 0.55%; p less than 0.01), taurocholic acid (2.2 +/- 0.45 versus 0.8 +/- 0.23%; p less than 0.05), and glycodeoxycholic acid (4.9 +/- 0.70 versus 1.4 +/- 0.37%; p less than 0.001) were statistically significantly different after the treatment. There were no statistically significant differences between patients with complete and incomplete stone dissolution with regard to age, mean body weight, or laboratory variables. |
| Numerical density of cardiac myocytes in aged rats fed a cholesterol-rich diet and a canola oil diet (n-3 fatty acid rich) Aguila, M. B. and C. A. Mandarim-de-Lacerda (1999), Virchows Arch 434(5): 451-3. Abstract: We studied the myocardium of 45 aged rats fed from 21 days after birth until 15 months of age with a standard rat diet a cholesterol-rich diet (CHO) or canola oil (O). We analysed the cardiac weight (CW) and, using unbiased stereological estimates, studied isotropic, uniform, random sections of the free left ventricular wall to determine the numerical density of the myocytes (NVmyocyte). The CW was not statistically different between groups A and CHO: it was smallest in animals in group O (21.2% smaller in group O than in group A and 15.3% smaller in group O than in group CHO). NVmyocyte was statistically different in all three groups and was greatest in animals in group O. By comparison with rats in group A, group CHO rats had an NVmyocyte than was 51.3% smaller and group O, 33.3% greater. Aged rats fed with canola oil diet have a well-vascularized myocardium, which is probably associated with preservation of NVmyocyte in the myocardium of these animals. |
| Nurse-mediated cholesterol management compared with enhanced primary care in siblings of individuals with premature coronary disease Becker, D. M., J. V. Raqueno, et al. (1998), Arch Intern Med 158(14): 1533-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Siblings of individuals with premature coronary heart disease have a high prevalence of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels requiring treatment. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate management strategies for high LDL-C levels in apparently healthy 30- to 59-year-old siblings of individuals with documented coronary heart disease prior to age 60 years. METHODS: In a 2-year trial of care provided by either a nurse trained in lipid management (NURS) or enhanced primary care (EPC), in which physicians received recommendations based on national guidelines, 156 siblings with LDL-C levels of 4.14 mmol/L (160 mg/dL) were randomized by family. The LDL-C goal levels below 3.36 mmol/L (130 mg/dL) were compared between and within intervention groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses were applied to predict 2-year achievement of the goal. RESULTS: The NURS group achieved a significantly greater percentage of goal LDL-C levels than the EPC group (26% vs 10%; P=.008). The NURS LDL-C levels decreased an average of 0.91 mmol/L (35 mg/dL) while EPC levels decreased by 0.52 mmol/L (24 mg/dL) (P=.09). In the final multivariate model, siblings taking lipid-lowering drug treatment were 6.02 times more likely (95% confidence interval, 2.24-16.18) than those not receiving pharmacotherapy to achieve LDL-C goals; nurse management (P=.09) was marginally significant. Pharmacotherapy was instituted in 45.2% of NURS and 16.7% of EPC siblings (P=.001). CONCLUSIONS: High LDL-C levels in siblings were more effectively treated by a trained nurse, probably related to greater adherence to the application of national guidelines. Nonetheless, the majority of siblings with high LDL-C levels did not meet goal levels 2 years after an index case coronary heart disease event. |
| Nurse-mediated serum cholesterol reduction and health locus of control--a device for targeting health promotion? Brown, S. and K. Steele (1999), Br J Gen Pract 49(443): 467-8. Abstract: Varying intensities of nurse-mediated health education advice were administered to subjects over a three-month period. Mean serum total cholesterol was calculated for each group at the outset and completion of the study. A multidimensional health locus of control (MHLC) scales questionnaire was self-completed by subjects at the outset. A highly significant association between internality and reduction in serum total cholesterol in the high-intensity intervention group was observed. The completion of a MHLC scale questionnaire may assist health professionals in identifying which subjects may most benefit from high-intensity health education advice when raised serum total cholesterol is prevalent. |
| Nutrient adequacy of diets of adults with hypercholesterolemia after a cholesterol-lowering intervention: long-term assessment Naglak, M. C., D. C. Mitchell, et al. (2000), J Am Diet Assoc 100(11): 1385-8. |
| Nutrient intake and diet quality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus on a culturally sensitive cholesterol lowering dietary program Shah, M., B. Adams-Huet, et al. (2004), J Rheumatol 31(1): 71-5. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a culturally sensitive cholesterol lowering dietary program on energy, protein, fiber, vitamin and mineral intake, diet quality, and hemoglobin levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS: Seventeen patients with SLE were randomized to a Step II diet intervention group or a control group for 12 weeks. The diet intervention was made up of weekly group sessions during the first 6 weeks followed by telephone counseling every 2 weeks for the last 6 weeks. Food intake was assessed by 3-day food record at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks. Diet quality was assessed by expressing the nutrients as a percentage of the Dietary Reference Intakes of the US National Academy of Sciences, or as a percentage of the nutrient guidelines by the National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III. Between- and within-group changes in nutrient intakes were assessed by repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: The changes in nutrient intakes were not significantly different between the groups for any of the nonfat nutrients except vitamin B12 (p = 0.05), which decreased in the diet group and increased in the control group. Within-group analysis showed a significant reduction (p = 0.0003 to 0.02) in the diet group in energy and sodium intake at 6 and 12 weeks and B12 intake at 12 weeks compared to the respective baseline values (28-32%, 37-41%, and 43%, respectively). Sodium intake decreased to 66-71% of the total sodium allowance (< 2400 mg per day) in the diet group. The intervention was successful in maintaining adequate intakes or even increasing intakes of most nutrients except B12, dietary fiber, folate, calcium, and iron, which were slightly higher or below 67% of the Dietary Reference Intakes or other dietary guidelines. Anemia, as assessed by hemoglobin levels, was present throughout the study and did not correlate with iron intake. CONCLUSION: This culturally sensitive cholesterol reducing diet program was successful in decreasing sodium intake and maintaining adequate intakes of most nutrients except B12, dietary fiber, iron, calcium, and folate. Future intervention studies in patients with SLE need to pay special attention to these nutrients and the presence of anemia. |
| Nutrient intakes and cholesterol values of the parents in a prospective randomized child-targeted coronary heart disease risk factor intervention trial--the STRIP project Lagstrom, H., R. Seppanen, et al. (1999), Eur J Clin Nutr 53(8): 654-61. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze food consumption, nutrient intakes and serum cholesterol concentrations of the parents in a child-targeted CHD intervention trial, during which the age of children increased from 7 months to 5 y. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The children were randomized to an intervention group (n = 540) or a control group (n = 522) at six months of age. The intervention families were counseled at 3-6 month intervals to reduce their child's intake of saturated fat and cholesterol. Dietary issues were discussed with the control families only briefly. The parents' food consumption was analyzed by 24 h dietary recall at the child's age of 7 and 13 months and at 2, 3, 4, and 5 y. Nutrient intakes were calculated using the Micro-Nutrica program. RESULTS: The mothers and fathers of the intervention children used less butter, more margarine and more skim milk than those of the control children (P < 0.001 for all measurements). After the onset of counseling, the intervention mothers consumed continuously less fat (1.4 E% less at the child's age of 5 y), less saturated fat (1.5 E% less at the child's age of 5 y) and more polyunsaturated fat (0.5 E% more at the child's age of 5 y) than the control mothers (P = 0.008, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001 for trend, respectively). After the child's age of 13 months the intervention fathers also had a continuously lower fat intake (2.4 E% less at the child's age of 5 y) and consumed less saturated fat (1.5 E% less at the child's age of 5 y) than the control fathers (P < 0.001 for trend for both measurements). The serum cholesterol concentration of the intervention mothers was consistently lower than that of the control mothers during the intervention (at child's age of 5 y 4.86 and 5.09 mmol/L, respectively; P for trend = 0.03), while the values of the intervention and control fathers showed no differences. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous dietary intervention begun in infancy and focused on modification of the child's diet according to the current principles of preventive cardiology, was accompanied by a moderate decrease in the intake of total and saturated fat in the parents, but serum cholesterol concentration diminished consistently only in the mothers of the intervention children. |
| Nutrient intakes by young children in a prospective randomized trial of a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet Olson, R. E. (1997), Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151(9): 960-2. |
| Nutrient intakes by young children in a prospective randomized trial of a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet Zlotkin, S. (1997), Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151(9): 962-4. |
| Nutrient intakes by young children in a prospective randomized trial of a low-saturated fat, low-cholesterol diet. The STRIP Baby Project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project for Babies Lagstrom, H., E. Jokinen, et al. (1997), Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 151(2): 181-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of individualized and repeatedly given dietary counseling on fat intake and nutrient intake of children aged 8 months to 4 years. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Children (N = 1062) from 1054 families were randomized to an intervention (n = 540) or a control (n = 522) group when each child participant was 6 months old. INTERVENTIONS: The children in the intervention group were counseled to reduce their intake of saturated fat and cholesterol but to ensure their adequate energy intake. Dietary issues were discussed with the families of the children in the control group only briefly according to the current practice of well-baby clinics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Food consumption was evaluated by using 3- and 4-day food records that were kept at 5- to 12-month intervals, and nutrient intakes were analyzed with a Micro Nutrica computer program (Social Insurance Institution, Turku, Finland). RESULTS: The intake of fat (29% of the energy intake) and cholesterol (70 mg) showed no differences between the groups of children at 8 months of age. The fat intake in the children in the intervention group was then continuously 2% of the energy intake below that of the children in the control group (P <.001). After the age of 13 months, the cholesterol intake of the children in the control group exceeded that of the children in the intervention group by 20 mg (P <.001). The children in the intervention group consumed 3% (of the energy intake) less saturated (P <.001) and 1% (of the energy intake) more polyunsaturated fats (P <.001) than did the children in the control group at age 13 months and older. The carbohydrate intake was slightly higher in the children in the intervention group than in the children in the control group. Intakes of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements showed no differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: The intakes of fat by the children in the intervention and control groups were markedly below values that were recommended for the first 2 years of life. Despite the low intake of fat, the intake of other nutrients fulfilled current recommendations, except for vitamin D and iron. Individualized dietary counseling that led to clear changes in the type of fat intake had a minimal effect on vitamin or mineral intakes. |
| Nutrition and behavioral characteristics and determinants of plasma cholesterol levels in men and women Sharlin, J., B. M. Posner, et al. (1992), J Am Diet Assoc 92(4): 434-40. Abstract: The National Cholesterol Education Program advocates dietary interventions in persons with high and moderate blood cholesterol levels and in the general population as a preventive measure for coronary heart disease. For these efforts to be successful, it is necessary to understand consumer characteristics and behaviors, including nutrient intake and dietary patterns. We studied the relationship of plasma cholesterol levels to consumer characteristics and dietary behaviors by examining 127 men (aged 20 through 71 years) and 187 women (aged 18 through 67 years) as part of a cholesterol screening project in the administrative offices and academic departments of Boston University from March 1988 through June 1988. Our results showed that specific consumer characteristics and dietary behaviors significantly differentiated male and female groups with low, moderate, and high cholesterol levels. Factors that should be considered in planning dietary interventions aimed at cholesterol reduction in men include spouse involvement and support in lipid-lowering interventions; weight reduction; increase in exercise; reduction in beef intake; and increases in dietary fiber and carbohydrates, particularly fruits. For women, recommendations include weight reduction; possible interventions aimed at reducing blood pressure (ie, behavioral modification aimed at reducing stress, increasing exercise, and cooking low-salt meals); reduction in beef intake, dietary fat, and saturated fat; and increases in carbohydrates and dietary fiber. |
| Nutrition and serum cholesterol levels among elderly men and women (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System) Lowik, M. R., M. Wedel, et al. (1991), J Gerontol 46(1): M23-8. Abstract: Associations of serum cholesterol with relevant dietary intake variables (assessed with the dietary history method) and body mass index were investigated in elderly men (n = 199) and women (n = 180) 65-79 years old. All subjects were apparently healthy, nondiabetic, and not on a dietary regimen. The associations were studied separately for men and women using linear regression analysis and all possible subsets regression analysis. Among men, body mass index (kg/m2) and intake of monounsaturated fat and of alcohol were positively and consistently associated with serum total cholesterol. Among women, intake of alcohol and of saturated fat were positively associated, and intake of polysaccharides was inversely associated with serum total cholesterol. The intake of monounsaturated fatty acids was highly (r greater than.60) positively correlated with the intake of total fat and saturated fatty acids, and inversely with carbohydrates. HDL-cholesterol was positively associated with alcohol intake (significant for men only), and inversely with body mass index (women). The results indicate that the effect of dietary factors on serum cholesterol levels is probably not age-limited. Elderly people may potentially benefit from weight reduction or control, moderate alcohol consumption, and avoidance of too much dietary fat. These suggestions are in fair accordance with general population-based guidelines for a healthy diet. However, as our study was cross-sectional, causation as well as the public health impact remains to be proven. |
| Nutrition in the etiopathogenesis of cholesterol biliary lithiasis Encinas Sotillos, A., M. Fernandez Azuela, et al. (1996), Rev Esp Enferm Dig 88(7): 490-6. |
| Nutrition information. Fat, cholesterol and ghetto culture Nielsen, G. and A. Mogensen (1992), Sygeplejersken 92(39): 26-8. |
| Nutrition research from respiration and vitamins to cholesterol and atherosclerosis Stare, F. J. and G. L. Czarnecki-Maulden (1991), Annu Rev Nutr 11: 1-20. |