| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
| First Page | Previous Page | Next Page | Last Page |
| Nutritional and genetic contributions to serum cholesterol concentration in a children's follow-up study Pesonen, E., J. Viikari, et al. (1994), Acta Paediatr 83(4): 378-82. Abstract: In the Finnish multicentre study of cardiovascular risk in young Finns in 1980, 1983 and 1986, 2429, 2052 and 1841 9 to 18-year-old children and adolescents participated. In 1980, subjects of eastern origin living in the west had, despite their western diet, higher serum cholesterol concentrations than subjects both residing in and originating from the west. In males, eastern origin increased the east/west difference in serum cholesterol concentrations. Between 1980 and 1986 the mean serum total cholesterol of the study cohorts decreased by 5.5% and simultaneously the east/west differences in serum cholesterol concentrations disappeared in boys. The study suggests that genetic background is a separate factor determining serum total cholesterol level, but with declining serum cholesterol concentrations the effect of the genetic factor does not become manifest. |
| Nutritional considerations in the variability of plasma cholesterol measurements Samman, S. (1991), Eur J Clin Nutr 45(10): 463-8. Abstract: The concentration of plasma cholesterol is influenced by biological factors as well as clinical and analytical ones. Day-to-day variation can provide a misleading estimate of plasma cholesterol as it can differ by up to 12%. Seasonal variations occur with elevated concentrations in (northern hemisphere) winter relative to summer, possibly due to diet and life-style influences. Clinical and analytical factors also contribute to the variation. These include the manner with which blood is collected, the nutritional state of the subject and subsequent specimen handling. Analytical factors such as the effectiveness of the reagents and controls chosen, as well as the extent of interference by agents of metabolic or dietary origin, can introduce a bias into the analysis. More control can be exerted over the clinical and analytical factors compared with biological variation. |
| Nutritional factors in the etiology of brain tumors: potential role of nitrosamines, fat, and cholesterol Kaplan, S., I. Novikov, et al. (1997), Am J Epidemiol 146(10): 832-41. Abstract: Several possible risk factors for brain tumors have been suggested in the past, including N-nitroso compounds, but with the exception of ionizing radiation, none has been consistently confirmed. The present study was aimed at assessing the influence of nutritional factors, including N-nitroso compounds, in the etiology of brain tumors, specifically gliomas and meningiomas. One hundred and thirty-nine cases with confirmed brain tumors diagnosed between 1987 and 1991 in central Israel and 278 controls matched according to age, sex, and ethnic origin were interviewed. Nutritional data were obtained using a semiquantitative food frequency approach. A significant positive association for both types of brain tumors was found with high protein intake (odds ratio (OR) = 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-3.63), while intake of sodium was inversely related to both types of brain tumors (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.31-0.87). Increased consumption of total fat and cholesterol was inversely related to gliomas (high intake of fat: OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.20-1.07; high intake of cholesterol: OR = 0.38, 95% CI 0.14-1.01). However, neither fat intake nor cholesterol intake was significantly related to the risk of meningiomas. Although N-nitroso compounds were not found to be directly associated with brain tumors, the data suggested the presence of an interaction between the effects of N-nitroso compounds and protein intake and between N-nitroso compounds and cholesterol intake. The data suggest that dietary factors may play an important, though yet undefined, role in the development of brain tumors. |
| Nutritional factors that affect the production of cholesterol oxidase by Rhodococcus equi no. 23 Lee, M. T., W. C. Chen, et al. (1997), Biotechnol Appl Biochem 26 (Pt 3): 159-62. Abstract: Some nutritional factors affecting the production of cholesterol oxidase (COX) by Rhodococcus equi no. 23 were investigated. Cholesterol and yeast extract respectively were the best carbon source and nitrogen source for the COX production. The optimum concentration of cholesterol and yeast extract was found to be about 0.1% and 0.4-0.5% (w/v) respectively. In addition, NH4Cl, NaCl and Tween 80 also exhibited enhancing effects on COX production, being maximal at 0.1% (w/v), 0.2% (w/v) and 1.0% (v/v) respectively. Moreover, optimal enzyme production occurred in medium that had an initial pH of 7.0. |
| Nutritional intervention in overweight subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Reduction of blood cholesterol by guided diet therapy Donini, L. M., M. Balotta, et al. (1996), Ann Ig 8(5): 559-63. |
| Nutritional regulation of cholesterol synthesis and apolipoprotein B kinetics: studies in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia and normal subjects treated with a high carbohydrate, low fat diet Stacpoole, P. W., K. von Bergmann, et al. (1991), J Lipid Res 32(11): 1837-48. Abstract: High carbohydrate, low fat diets decrease plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apoB) mass in normal subjects and in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). To investigate the mechanisms for these effects, four normal, four FH heterozygous, and one FH homozygous subjects were studied on a basal (45% carbohydrate, 40% fat) diet and during continuous nasogastric infusion of Vivonex (90% carbohydrate, 1% fat). For the entire group, the mean changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides were -90, -95, -14 (all P less than 0.01) and +114 (P less than 0.02) mg/dl, respectively. Fecal sterol balance measurements demonstrated a 24% decrease in whole body cholesterol synthesis in normals, from 8.4 +/- 4.4 (mean +/- SD) to 6.4 +/- 1.3 mg/kg per day and in FH subjects, a 58% decrease, from 11.4 +/- 5.6 to 4.8 +/- 1.7 mg/kg per day (both P less than 0.05). ApoB kinetic studies were performed using a 3Hleucine tracer in two normals and three FH heterozygotes on both basal and Vivonex regimens, and the results were analyzed by compartmental modeling using the SAAM program. Total apoB production was not altered in a consistent manner by carbohydrate feeding. ApoB secretion, however, was shifted from the production of small VLDL/IDL-like particles to large VLDL by Vivonex, with an accompanying increase in intrahepatic assemblage time before secretion. In the two normal subjects, Vivonex induced an increase in apoB loss as VLDL/IDL; however, in the FH patients no such loss occurred. A decrease (P less than 0.05) in the residence time of LDL-apoB occurred for all subjects and was the primary determinant of the fall in plasma LDL concentration, since LDL-apoB transport did not change consistently. Thus, in FH patients, a high carbohydrate, low fat diet results in suppression of cholesterol synthesis and a fall in plasma LDL concentration due to an increased plasma clearance rate for LDL. |
| Nutritional requirements of infants and children with respect to cholesterol and related compounds Barness, L. A. (1994), Am J Med Genet 50(4): 353-4. Abstract: Cholesterol is an enigmatic, essential metabolite. Breast milk contains significant quantities of cholesterol, yet human infants thrive on cholesterol-free diets. Recommendations to lower serum cholesterol are widespread, yet low serum cholesterol is associated with poorly understood morbidity. Serum cholesterol is increased with diets high in fat, yet dietary cholesterol has relatively little effect on serum concentrations. Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, marked with extremely low serum cholesterol, may serve as a human model for the evaluation of absorption and metabolism of dietary cholesterol. |
| Nutritional significance of ascorbic acid for the metabolism of xenobiotics and cholesterol in ODS- and conventional rats Horio, F., N. Matsushita, et al. (1992), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) Spec No: 165-8. |
| Oat (Avena sativa L.) and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) meals positively affect plasma lipid profile in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets Czerwinski, J., E. Bartnikowska, et al. (2004), J Nutr Biochem 15(10): 622-9. Abstract: Cereals are an important part of diets for hypercholesterolemic patients. However, some of these patients are allergic to these natural products. The purpose of the current study was to compare oatmeal with equal in nutritional values two allergy-free amaranth meals to determine whether this pseudocereal can be a substitute for allergic to cereals individuals. The total phenols of the samples were determined with the Folin-Chocalteu reagent, anthocyanins, and flavonoids spectrophotometrically. The antioxidant activities were estimated with nitric oxide scavenging radical (NO) and by beta-carotene bleaching (beta-carotene). It was found that the contents of different protein fractions, antioxidant compounds, and the antioxidant activities of oatmeal were significantly higher than those of the two amaranth samples. The results of kinetic reactions showed that samples differed in their capacities to quench these radicals, and oats have shown more antioxidant activity than amaranth. High correlation was observed between antioxidant activities and phenols (R(2) = 0.99). In the in vivo part of the investigation, 60 male Wistar rats were divided into five diet groups of 12 animals each; these groups were designated as Control, Chol, Chol/Oat, Chol/AmarI, and Chol/AmarII. The rats of the Control group were fed basal diet (BD) only. To the BD of the four other groups were added the following: 1% of cholesterol (Chol), 10% of oat meal and 1% of cholesterol (Chol/Oat), 10% of amaranth I meal, and 1% of cholesterol (Chol/AmarI) and 10% of amaranth II meal and 1% of cholesterol (Chol/AmarII). After 32 days of different feeding, diets supplemented with oat meal and, to lesser degree, with amaranth I and amaranth II hindered the rise in the plasma lipids: a) TC: 3.14 vs. 4.57 mmol/L, - 31.3%; 3.31 vs. 4.57 mmol/L - 27.6%; and 3.40 vs. 4.57, - 25.6%, respectively b) LDL-C: 1.69 vs. 3.31 mmol/L, - 49.9%; 2.05 vs. 3.31 mmol/L, - 38.1%; and 2.16 vs. 3.31 mmol/L, - 34.8%, respectively; c) TG: 0.73 vs. 0.88 mmol/L, - 17.1%; 0.75 vs. 0.88 mmol/L, - 14.8%; and 0.79 vs. 0.88 mmol/L, -10.2%, respectively. The HDL-PH was increased as follows: 0.79 vs. 0.63 mmol/L, -25.3%; 0.75 vs. 0.63 mmol/L, -23.0%; and 0.71 vs. 0.63 mmol/L, -12.7% for the Chol/Oat, Chol/AmarI and Chol/AmarII, respectively. No significant changes in the concentrations of HDL-C and TPH were found; however the HDL-C in the Chol/Oat group was slightly higher than in other groups. No changes in the Control group were registered. In conclusion, oat and amaranth meals positively affect plasma lipid profile in rats fed cholesterol-containing diets. The degree of this positive influence is directly connected to the contents of the bioactive components and the antioxidant activities of the studied samples. It is suggested that amaranth could be a valuable substitute for hypercholesterolemic patients allergic to cereals. |
| Oat beta-glucan increases bile acid excretion and a fiber-rich barley fraction increases cholesterol excretion in ileostomy subjects Lia, A., G. Hallmans, et al. (1995), Am J Clin Nutr 62(6): 1245-51. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether oat beta-glucan is responsible for the increased bile acid excretion previously observed with oat-fiber diets. The excretion patterns in ileostomy subjects given diets containing oat-bran bread with and without added beta-glucanase, a beta-glucan-degrading enzyme, were compared. The effect of a beta-glucan-rich barley fraction on sterol excretion was also investigated. Nine ileostomy subjects were served four diets in random order, each diet for 2 consecutive days. Four different kinds of bread, mainly made from oat bran (OB diet, 12.5 g beta-glucan/d), oat bran with beta-glucanase (OBE diet, 3.8 g beta-glucan/d), barley (B diet, 13.0 g beta-glucan/d), or wheat flour (W diet, 1.2 g beta-glucan/d) were added to a basal diet. The 24-h excretion of bile acids was 53% higher in the OB diet period than in the OBE diet period (P < 0.05) and also was significantly higher than in the B and W diet periods (P < 0.05). Median (range) bile acid excretion was 851 (232-1550), 463 (123-1414), 755 (133-1187), and 606 (101-980) mg/d in the OB, OBE, B, and W diet periods, respectively. The excretion of cholesterol was significantly higher in the B diet period than in the OBE and W diet periods (P < 0.05), but the mechanism behind this effect of barley fiber is unknown. In oat bran, however, beta-glucan mediates an increase in bile acid excretion, which most probably explains the effect of oat fiber in lowering serum lipids. |
| Oat beta-glucan reduces blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic subjects Braaten, J. T., P. J. Wood, et al. (1994), Eur J Clin Nutr 48(7): 465-74. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Several studies have indicated that consumption of oat bran lowers blood cholesterol and this effect has been attributed specifically to oat bran's soluble fiber (beta-glucan). This study was designed to test this hypothesis. DESIGN: The purified fibre (oat gum, 80% beta-glucan) was isolated, and agglomerated in the presence of maltodextrin to facilitate dispersion in a drink. Subjects consumed the oat gum (2.9 g beta-glucan), or maltodextrin placebo, twice daily for 4 weeks, in a randomized, cross-over design with a 3 week wash-out between phases. Consumption was equivalent to a daily dose of about 70 g of oat bran. SETTING: The study was with free-living individuals. SUBJECTS: Twenty hypercholesterolemic male and female adults entered, and 19 completed, the study. INTERVENTIONS: Blood lipids from fasting individuals were measured weekly throughout the study. Diet was monitored using 3 day food diaries. RESULTS: There were no significant changes (P > 0.05) in blood lipids during the placebo phase. Mean initial total cholesterol (6.76 +/- 0.13 mmol/l) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (4.59 +/- 0.14 mmol/l) levels fell throughout the oat gum phase, and at week 4 each was reduced 9% relative to initial values (P = 0.0004 and 0.005 respectively). When oat gum was discontinued, total and LDL cholesterol returned to initial levels. There were no significant changes in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Triglyceride levels also remained unchanged except for a singular decrease at week 4 of the oat gum phase relative to the initial value, but not compared to the placebo value. The lowered mean total and LDL cholesterol levels occurred in the absence of any dietary changes. CONCLUSIONS: The main component of the soluble fibre of oats, beta-glucan, significantly reduced the total and LDL cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic adults without changing HDL cholesterol. |
| Oat bran and cholesterol reduction: evidence against specific effect Bremer, J. M., R. S. Scott, et al. (1991), Aust N Z J Med 21(4): 422-6. Abstract: Most placebo-controlled studies testing the hypo-cholesterolaemic action of oat bran have compared high fibre against low fibre diets. To determine whether oat bran had greater cholesterol-lowering action than another source of fibre (wheat bran) we compared the effect of breads of similar total fibre content containing either oat bran or additional wheat bran. Twelve hyperlipidaemic subjects (38-66 years) were stabilised on lipid-lowering diets for at least three months prior to the study. Subjects were given each type of bread for four-week periods in a single-blind, cross-over design. Cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol levels did not change significantly during the oat and wheat bread periods. HDL-cholesterol rose equivalently but only to a just significant level during the oat bran diet. Body weights, lipids and lipoprotein parameters were not significantly different between the two diet periods. Both diet treatments lowered serum cholesterol approximately 4%. We conclude that this oat bran bread consumed as part of a lipid-correcting diet did not influence lipoproteins to any greater extent than wheat bread of similar total fibre content. |
| Oat bran lowers plasma cholesterol levels in mildly hypercholesterolemic men Whyte, J. L., R. McArthur, et al. (1992), J Am Diet Assoc 92(4): 446-9. Abstract: The effects of oat bran and wheat bran on plasma lipid concentrations were compared in a crossover study. Each bran (123 g oat bran or 54 g wheat bran) added nearly 18 g of nonstarch polysaccharide to a background diet containing about 10 g nonstarch polysaccharide. Twenty-three men (average plasma cholesterol level = 5.84 mmol/L, and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level = 4.11 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to either the oat or wheat bran diet for 4 weeks and then changed to the alternate bran diet for a similar period. The oat bran diet produced significantly lower levels of plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol: 5.65 +/- 0.16 and 3.88 +/- 0.15 mmol/L (mean +/- standard error) for oat bran vs 5.89 +/- 0.16 and 4.11 +/- 0.16 mmol/L for wheat bran. Food intake diaries showed that average consumption of total fat and saturated fat was identical during the two test periods, which excluded displacement of fat as an explanation for lowering of plasma cholesterol by oat bran. Our results indicate that in mildly hypercholesterolemic men, a diet high in soluble oat fiber can significantly lower plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol and thus potentially lower the risk of coronary heart disease. |
| Oat bran lowers total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol but not lipoprotein(a) in exercising adults with borderline hypercholesterolemia Kelley, M. J., J. Hoover-Plow, et al. (1994), J Am Diet Assoc 94(12): 1419-21. |
| Oat bran, barley and malted barley lower plasma cholesterol relative to wheat bran but differ in their effects on liver cholesterol in rats fed diets with and without cholesterol Jackson, K. A., D. A. Suter, et al. (1994), J Nutr 124(9): 1678-84. Abstract: Males rats were fed diets containing wheat bran, oat bran, barley or malted barley without or with 10 g/kg cholesterol + 1 g/kg cholic acid (referred to as "cholesterol"). Plasma total, HDL, and VLDL+LDL cholesterol concentrations were higher overall in rats fed cholesterol. There was a significant interaction between dietary cholesterol and cereal type. Higher concentrations of total and VLDL+LDL cholesterol were found in rats fed cholesterol with wheat bran than in those fed oat bran, barley or malted barley. HDL cholesterol concentrations were higher overall in rats fed wheat bran than in those fed oat bran or barley but not malted barley. Liver cholesterol pools were higher overall in rats fed cholesterol. In all animals fed oat bran, liver cholesterol was lower than in rats fed barley or malted barley. Hepatic HDL receptor activity was lower overall in rats fed cholesterol. There was no independent effect of cereal type on HDL receptor activity, but there was a significant interaction with dietary cholesterol. Activity tended to be higher in rats fed malted barley with cholesterol than in rats fed malted barley without cholesterol. LDL receptor activity was not affected by cereal type but was significantly lower overall in rats fed cholesterol. |
| Oat-bran cereal lowers serum total and LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic men Anderson, J. W., D. B. Spencer, et al. (1990), Am J Clin Nutr 52(3): 495-9. Abstract: Oat bran lowers serum lipid concentrations in healthy and hyperlipidemic subjects. To determine the effects of a ready-to-eat oat-bran cereal on lipid concentrations, we fed control (corn flakes) and oat-bran cereal diets for 2 wk to 12 men with undesirably high serum total-cholesterol concentrations. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the two diets upon admission to the metabolic ward. After completing the first diet, subjects completed 2 wk on the alternate diet. Intakes of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and cholesterol were virtually identical on the two diets. The oat-bran cereal provided 25 g oat bran/d. The oat-bran cereal diet compared with the corn flakes diet lowered serum total-cholesterol and serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations significantly by 5.4% (p less than 0.05) and 8.5% (p less than 0.025), respectively. Final body weights on each of the diets were similar. Ready-to-eat oat-bran cereal provides a practical means to incorporate soluble fiber into the diet to lower serum cholesterol. |
| Oats and cholesterol: the prospects for prevention of heart disease Humble, C. G. (1991), Am J Public Health 81(2): 159-60. |
| Obese pigs fed a high cholesterol diet from birth to 2 months are less susceptible than lean pigs to atherosclerosis Hackman, A. M., W. G. Pond, et al. (1996), J Nutr 126(2): 564-73. Abstract: Dietary cholesterol in infancy may alter cholesterol metabolism and the propensity to develop atherosclerosis. This study examined the effects of a 1% cholesterol diet (HC) vs. a no-cholesterol diet (NC) during the first 2 mo of life on pigs selectively bred for leanness or obesity. Three lean and three obese pigs received the no-cholesterol diet, and four lean and four obese pigs received the 1% cholesterol diet from d 1. Lean and obese pigs fed the no-cholesterol diet showed no increase in serum lipid concentrations, nor did they develop atherosclerosis. Obese pigs fed the 1% cholesterol diet developed significantly higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at 35 d than lean pigs fed the 1% cholesterol diet. By d 55, only HDL-C remained significantly higher in the obese pigs, resulting in a higher (P < 0.1) TC/HDL-C ratio in the lean pigs. Atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta was more extensive in the lean pigs. Cholesterol synthesis measured in vivo and at termination was equally suppressed in lean and obese pigs fed the 1% cholesterol compared with pigs fed the no-cholesterol diet. We conclude that genetic differences in the response of these lean and obese pigs to a high cholesterol diet render obese pigs less susceptible to atherosclerosis despite higher serum TC concentrations. The persistent elevation of HDL-C in obese pigs is the most likely mechanism of protection. |
| Obesity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in black and white 9- and 10-year-old girls: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study Morrison, J. A., D. Sprecher, et al. (1996), Metabolism 45(4): 469-74. Abstract: It has been hypothesized that the role of obesity in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) may be mediated in part through its inverse relationship with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Obesity is inversely correlated with HDL-C, and HDL-C has been shown to be protective against CHD. Defining obesity as excess weight due to excess fat, the purpose of this analysis was to determine whether the effects of obesity are due to increased weight or to increased adiposity. Using baseline lipid and anthropometric data from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study, cross-sectional associations among body mass, adiposity, HDL-C, and related lipid parameters (apolipoprotein apo AI and triglycerides TGs) were assessed in 821 white and 763 black 9- and 10-year-old girls, using multivariate linear regression models. Equations predicting HDL-C, apo AI, and TGs from age, race, race, sexual maturation stage, adiposity (sum of truncal--subscapular and suprailiac--skinfolds), and ponderosity (a ratio of weight to height) revealed that adiposity, not ponderosity, was the significant body composition variable to explain the variability of each of the lipids assessed. The amount of variance explained in each of the models was small (R2 |
| Obesity, insulin resistance and isolated low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in Chinese subjects Ko, G. T., C. S. Cockram, et al. (2001), Diabet Med 18(8): 663-6. Abstract: AIM: Recent studies have shown that the risk of developing coronary heart disease in subjects with 'isolated low high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)' (defined as HDL-C < 0.9 mmol/l and total cholesterol (TC) < 5.2 mmol/l) was similar to those with hypercholesterolaemia. We examined the prevalence of isolated low HDL-C in Hong Kong Chinese and its relationship with insulin resistance and triglyceride (TG) level. METHODS: Hong Kong Chinese subjects (n = 1493) recruited in a population-based prevalence survey for cardiovascular risk factors were examined. Insulin resistance was calculated using a computer-solved homeostasis model assessment method. RESULTS: Of the 1493 subjects, 72 (4.8%) had isolated low HDL-C, in whom half (n = 36) had TG > or = 1.7 mmol/l and half (n = 36) had TG < 1.7 mmol/l. Compared with the 'controls' (subjects with TC < 5.2 mmol/l and HDL-C > or = 0.9 mmol/l; TC > or = 5.2 mmol/l and HDL-C < 0.9 mmol/l; or TC > or = 5.2 mmol/l and HDL-C > or = 0.9 mmol/l, n = 1421), subjects with isolated low HDL-C and high TG were more obese, had higher plasma glucose, fasting and 2 h plasma insulin concentrations and insulin resistance. Subjects with isolated low HDL-C and TG < 1.7 mmol/l had similar insulin concentrations and insulin resistance, but were more obese than the 'controls'. Subjects with isolated low HDL-C and high TG also had higher fasting PG, insulin and insulin resistance than those with isolated low HDL-C and low TG. CONCLUSIONS: In this population-based study, 4.8% of Hong Kong Chinese had isolated low HDL-C, which was closely associated with obesity. The coexistence of high TG suggests an insulin-resistant state. |