| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Effects of dietary lipids on serum cholesterol of elder hypercholesterolemic patients Wang, J., Y. Xiao, et al. (2000), Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 29(3): 162-3, back cover. Abstract: The intake of dietary lipids of 167 elder hypercholesterolemic patients was collected by a three-day recorded dietary survey. At the mean time, their serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were detected and analyzed. The results showed the effects of dietary lipids and body mass index (BMI) were great on serum cholesterol levels; BMI, dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid were positively related to serum TC and LDL-C; serum HDL-C and HDL-C/TC ratio were positively related with dietary monounsaturated fatty acid, and negatively related with BMI. The results indicate that decreasing the intake of dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acid, controlling body weight and increasing dietary monounsaturated fatty acid intake will have important benefits on the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases. |
| Effects of dietary maritime pine (Pinus pinaster)-seed oil on high-density lipoprotein levels and in vitro cholesterol efflux in mice expressing human apolipoprotein A-I Asset, G., A. Leroy, et al. (2000), Br J Nutr 84(3): 353-60. Abstract: Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster)-seed oil contains two Delta5 unsaturated polymethylene interrupted fatty acids (all cis-5,9, 12-18:3 and all cis-5,11,14-20:3 acids) one of which resembles eicosapentaenoic acid. The goal of the present study was to test whether maritime pine-seed oil consumption affects HDL and apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I levels as well as the ability of serum to promote efflux of cholesterol from cultured cells. To this end, wild type (WT) non-transgenic mice and transgenic mice expressing human ApoA-I (HuA-ITg) were fed on isoenergetic diet containing either 200 g maritime pine-seed oil/kg or 200 g lard/kg for 2 weeks. WT and HuA-ITg mice fed maritime pine-seed oil had lower cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HuA-ITg mice had lower human ApoA-I than those fed lard. The differences in cholesterol (P < 0.0001) and HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.003) levels between mice fed on the two diets were more pronounced in the HuA-ITg than in the WT mice. The ability of HuA-ITg serum to promote cholesterol efflux in cultured cells was greater (P < 0.008) than that of WT animals. However, the maritime pine-seed oil diet was associated with lower (P < 0.005) in vitro cholesterol efflux ability than the lard diet in both mice genotypes. This suggests a negative effect of the maritime pine-seed oil on reverse cholesterol transport. Cholesterol efflux was correlated with serum free or esterified cholesterol and phospholipid levels. The slope of the regression line was smaller in the HuA-ITg than in the WT mice indicating that overexpression of human ApoA-I reduces the negative impact of maritime pine-seed oil on cholesterol efflux. In conclusion, maritime pine-seed oil diet lowers HDL-cholesterol and diminishes in vitro cholesterol efflux. This potentially detrimental effect is attenuated by overexpression of human ApoA-I in mice. |
| Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid-enriched chicken eggs on plasma and tissue cholesterol and fatty acid composition of rats Jiang, Z. and J. S. Sim (1992), Lipids 27(4): 279-84. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of feeding n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched chicken eggs on plasma and liver cholesterol levels and fatty acid composition in rats. Eggs were collected from laying hens fed diets containing 10% flax seed (Hn-3), 12% sunflower seed (Hn-6), or wheat and soybean meal control (CON). Yolk powders were prepared and fed at the 15% level to weanling female Sprague-Dawley rats for 28 days. Consumption of n-3 PUFA-enriched yolks significantly reduced both plasma and liver total cholesterol. Liver total lipids and phospholipids of rats fed Hn-3 diet were enriched with linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids with a concomitant reduction of arachidonic acid in liver phospholipids. The plasma cholesterol of rats fed yolk powders enriched with n-6 PUFA (mainly linoleic acid) was reduced to the same extent as in those fed the n-3 enriched, but the liver cholesterol was significantly increased, indicating differential effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 PUFA. The results demonstrated that the cholesterolemic and tissue lipid modulating properties of chicken eggs could be modified in a favorable way by altering the fatty acid composition of yolk lipids through manipulation of laying hen diets. |
| Effects of dietary oils and cholesterol supplement on fluidity and enzyme activities of liver microsomes in the rat Lutz, M., J. Alvarado, et al. (1999), Lipids 34 Suppl: S119. |
| Effects of dietary palmitic and oleic acids on lipoprotein cholesterol Khosla, P. and K. Sundram (1997), Am J Clin Nutr 65(1): 170-1. |
| Effects of dietary phenolic compounds on tocopherol, cholesterol, and fatty acids in rats Kamal-Eldin, A., J. Frank, et al. (2000), Lipids 35(4): 427-35. Abstract: The effects of the phenolic compounds butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), sesamin (S), curcumin (CU), and ferulic acid (FA) on plasma, liver, and lung concentrations of alpha- and gamma-tocopherols (T), on plasma and liver cholesterol, and on the fatty acid composition of liver lipids were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Test compounds were given to rats ad libitum for 4 wk at 4 g/kg diet, in a diet low but adequate in vitamin E (36 mg/kg of gamma-T and 25 mg/kg of alpha-T) and containing 2 g/kg of cholesterol. BHT significantly reduced feed intake (P < 0.05) and body weight and increased feed conversion ratio; S and BHT caused a significant enlargement of the liver (P < 0.001), whereas CU and FA did not affect any of these parameters. The amount of liver lipids was significantly lowered by BHT (P < 0.01) while the other substances reduced liver lipid concentrations but not significantly. Regarding effects on tocopherol levels, (i) feeding of BHT resulted in a significant elevation (P< 0.001) of alpha-T in plasma, liver, and lung, while gamma-T values remained unchanged; (ii) rats provided with the S diet had substantially higher gamma-T levels (P < 0.001) in plasma, liver, and lung, whereas alpha-T levels were not affected; (iii) administration of CU raised the concentration of alpha-T in the lung (P < 0.01) but did not affect the plasma or liver values of any of the tocopherols; and (iv) FA had no effect on the levels of either homolog in the plasma, liver, or lung. The level of an unknown substance in the liver was significantly reduced by dietary BHT (P < 0.001). BHT was the only compound that tended to increase total cholesterol (TC) in plasma, due to an elevation of cholesterol in the very low density lipoprotein + low density lipoprotein (VLDL + LDL) fraction. S and FA tended to lower plasma total and VLDL + LDL cholesterol concentrations, but the effect for CU was statistically significant (P < 0.05). FA increased plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol while the other compounds reduced it numerically, but not significantly. BHT, CU, and S reduced cholesterol levels in the liver TC (P < 0.001) and percentages of TC in liver lipids (P < 0.05). With regard to the fatty acid composition of liver lipids, S increased the n-6/n-3 and the 18:3/20:5 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratios, and BHT lowered total monounsaturated fatty acids and increased total PUFA (n-6 + n-3). The effects of CU and FA on fatty acids were not highly significant. These results suggest some in vivo interactions between these phenolic compounds and tocopherols that may increase the bioavailability of vitamin E and decrease cholesterol in rats. |
| Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis Goldstein, M. R. (2000), Am J Med 109(1): 72-3. |
| Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: clinical and experimental evidence Moghadasian, M. H. and J. J. Frohlich (1999), Am J Med 107(6): 588-94. Abstract: Although plant sterols (phytosterols) and cholesterol have similar chemical structures, they differ markedly in their synthesis, intestinal absorption, and metabolic fate. Phytosterols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, thereby lowering plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. In 16 recently published human studies that used phytosterols to reduce plasma cholesterol levels in a total of 590 subjects, phytosterol therapy was accompanied by an average 10% reduction in total cholesterol and 13% reduction in LDL cholesterol levels. Phytosterols may also affect other aspects of cholesterol metabolism that contribute to their antiatherogenic properties, and may interfere with steroid hormone synthesis. The clinical and biochemical features of hereditary sitosterolemia, as well as its treatment, are reviewed, and the effects of cholestyramine treatment in 12 sitosterolemic subjects are summarized. Finally, new ideas for future research into the role of phytosterols in health and disease are discussed. |
| Effects of dietary phytosterols on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis: clinical and experimental evidence Whittaker, M. H. (2000), Am J Med 109(7): 600-1. |
| Effects of dietary polychlorinated biphenyls on cholesterol catabolism in rats Nagaoka, S., H. Miyazaki, et al. (1990), Br J Nutr 64(1): 161-9. Abstract: Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) caused hypercholesterolaemia in rats. The concentration and output of biliary cholesterol was significantly lower than that of the control group. Biliary output of total bile acids was significantly decreased in rats given the PCB-supplemented diet. Faecal excretion of total steroids (sum of neutral steroids and acidic steroids) was not significantly changed in rats given the PCB-supplemented diet. The present results indicate that dietary PCBs cause hypercholesterolaemia without modifying the faecal total steroids excretion. These results suggest that PCBs produce hypercholesterolaemia accompanied by changes in biliary or faecal excretion of bile acids and neutral steroids in addition to an increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis. |
| Effects of dietary protein and cholesterol on phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species in mouse liver Koba, K., L. A. Rozee, et al. (1994), Lipids 29(1): 33-9. Abstract: The present study examined the effects of two atherogenic factors, animal protein and cholesterol, on the distribution of fatty acids and the molecular species of major liver phospholipids in mice. Weanling mice were fed a semisynthetic diet supplemented with either casein or soy protein (20%, w/w) in the presence or absence of 0.5% cholesterol for 4 wk. Results from mouse liver showed that animal protein and, more so, dietary cholesterol modified the fatty acid profiles of the phospholipids. Animal protein had no significant effect on the concentration of lipids, but it altered the relative distribution and fatty acid profiles of the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Dietary cholesterol, on the other hand, significantly increased the concentration of liver lipids, but it did not alter the relative distribution of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. In cholesterol-fed mice, the proportions of molecular species containing 18:2n-6 were increased, whereas those containing 20:4n-6 were decreased, indicating that dietary cholesterol suppressed linoleic acid metabolism. Since cholesterol feeding selectively decreased the ratio of 18:0/20:4n-6 in phosphatidylcholine, whereas it increased the 18:0/18:2n-6 ratio in phosphatidylethanolamine, this finding suggests that dietary cholesterol may affect the incorporation of fatty acids but not the rate of synthesis of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. |
| Effects of dietary protein levels and cholesterol on tissue lipids of rats Okita, T. and M. Sugano (1990), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 36 Suppl 2: S151-6. Abstract: The effects of the levels (10, 20, and 30%) of dietary proteins, soybean protein or casein, on various lipid parameters were examined in rats. The plasma cholesterol (CHOL) level tended to decrease with an increasing dietary protein level, in particular when diets contained CHOL. The hypocholesterolemic effect of soybean protein was evident with CHOL-enriched diets. The fecal excretion of acidic but not neutral steroids increased with an increasing protein level and it was higher in rats fed soybean protein than in those fed casein. The ratio of arachidonate to linoleate in plasma and liver phosphatidylcholine tended to increase with an increasing dietary protein level, although it was considerably higher in casein than in soybean protein diets. The results indicated that the hypocholesterolemic effect of soybean protein is influenced not only by the amount but also by the presence or absence of dietary CHOL. In addition, the degree of conversion of linoleate to arachidonate also depended on the type and level of dietary protein. |
| Effects of dietary protein of Korean foxtail millet on plasma adiponectin, HDL-cholesterol, and insulin levels in genetically type 2 diabetic mice Choi, Y. Y., K. Osada, et al. (2005), Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 69(1): 31-7. Abstract: We examined the effects of intake of Korean foxtail millet protein (FMP) on plasma levels of lipid, glucose, insulin, and adiponectin in genetically type 2 diabetic KK-Ay mice. When mice were fed a normal FMP diet or a high-fat-high-sucrose diet containing FMP for 3 weeks, in both experiments plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) and adiponectin increased remarkably in comparison with a casein diet group, whereas concentrations of insulin decreased greatly and that of plasma glucose was comparable to that in the casein diet group. Considering the role of adiponectin, insulin, and HDL-cholesterol in diabetes, atherosclerosis, and obesity, it appears likely that FMP may improve insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism through an increase in adiponectin concentration. Therefore, FMP would serve as another beneficial food component in obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. |
| Effects of dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced alteration in age-related modulation of lipid metabolism and indices of immune function in rats Minehira, K., S. Inoue, et al. (2000), Biochim Biophys Acta 1483(1): 141-53. Abstract: Exogenous oxidized cholesterol disturbs both lipid metabolism and immune functions. Therefore, it may perturb these modulations with ageing. Effects of the dietary protein type on oxidized cholesterol-induced modulations of age-related changes in lipid metabolism and immune function was examined using differently aged (4 weeks versus 8 months) male Sprague-Dawley rats when casein, soybean protein or milk whey protein isolate (WPI) was the dietary protein source, respectively. The rats were given one of the three proteins in diet containing 0.2% oxidized cholesterols mixture. Soybean protein, as compared with the other two proteins, significantly lowered both the serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances value and cholesterol, whereas it elevated the ratio of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol/cholesterol in young rats, but not in adult. Moreover, soybean protein, but not casein and WPI, suppressed the elevation of Delta6 desaturation indices of phospholipids in both liver and spleen, particularly in young. On the other hand, WPI, compared to the other two proteins, inhibited the leukotriene B4 production of spleen, irrespective of age. Soybean protein reduced the ratio of CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cells in splenic lymphocytes. Therefore, the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgE and IgG in serum were lowered in rats given soybean protein in both age groups except for IgA in adult, although these observations were not shown in rats given other proteins. Thus, various perturbations of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by oxidized cholesterol were modified depending on the type of dietary protein. The moderation by soybean protein on the change of lipid metabolism seems to be susceptible in young rats whose homeostatic ability is immature. These observations may be exerted through both the promotion of oxidized cholesterol excretion to feces and the change of hormonal release, while WPI may suppress the disturbance of immune function by oxidized cholesterol in both ages. This alleviation may be associated with a large amount of lactoglobulin in WPI. These results thus showed a possibility that oxidized cholesterol-induced perturbations of age-related changes of lipid metabolism and immune function can be moderated by both the selection and combination of dietary protein. |
| Effects of dietary proteins on plasma lipoprotein levels in normal subjects: interaction with dietary cholesterol Meinertz, H., K. Nilausen, et al. (1990), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 36 Suppl 2: S157-64. Abstract: We have compared the effects of dietary soy protein and casein in diets low in cholesterol (less than 100 mg/d) and in diets enriched in cholesterol (500 mg/d) to examine whether the level of cholesterol intake affects the response of plasma lipoproteins to dietary proteins of plant and animal origin. Normal men and women consumed formula diets containing 20% of calories as soy protein or casein, 27% as fat and 53% as carbohydrate in 2 crossover studies. The dietary periods lasted for 31 days and were separated by a month-long interim period on self-chosen food. Following an initial reduction of plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels on all diets, the plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations stabilized. On low-cholesterol diets the concentration of each of the major lipoprotein classes were similar during the soy and the casein dietary periods. On cholesterol-enriched diets, the concentration of LDL-C stabilized at a 16% lower level on soy protein than on the casein diet (p less than 0.02), while the concentration of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was 16% higher (p less than 0.01). Since the difference in LDL-C (p less than 0.05) and in HDL-C (p less than 0.025) levels on casein and on soy protein diets were significantly greater on the high than on the low cholesterol intake, the findings indicate that the level of dietary cholesterol may determine whether plant and animal dietary proteins have similar or different effects on plasma LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations. |
| Effects of dietary short-necked clam, Tapes japonica, on serum and liver cholesterol levels in mice Tanaka, K., M. Fukuda, et al. (1994), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 40(4): 325-33. Abstract: Male mice were fed cholesterol-supplemented diets containing short-necked clams or defatted short-necked clams for 2 weeks under the dietary regimen of the same dietary level of protein (20%), fat (5%), and cholesterol (0.5%). Casein was used as a control protein. Similar results were obtained in two separate experiments with either boiled (Exp. 1) or steamed (Exp. 2) short-necked clams. The concentration of serum cholesterol in mice fed a clam diet was lower than in those fed control and defatted clam diets. Delipidation of clam raised the concentration of serum triglyceride. Both clams and defatted clams markedly reduced the concentration of hepatic cholesterol. Fecal excretion of neutral steroids was significantly increased by clam but not defatted clam, whereas the excretion of acidic steroids was stimulated by both specimens, in particular defatted clam. The results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of short-necked clams is attributed to its lipid fraction, whereas non-lipid components contribute to the reduction of hepatic cholesterol and increased fecal excretion of bile acids. |
| Effects of dietary soybean lecithin on plasma lipid transport and hepatic cholesterol metabolism in rats LeBlanc, M. J., S. Brunet, et al. (2003), J Nutr Biochem 14(1): 40-8. Abstract: Dietary lecithin can stimulate bile formation and biliary lipid secretion, particularly cholesterol output in bile. Studies also suggested that the lecithin-rich diet might modify hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and lipoprotein metabolism. Therefore, we examined hepatic activities of 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase "HMG -CoA reductase", cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase "ACAT" as well as plasma lipids and lipoprotein composition in rats fed diets enriched with 20% of soybean lecithin during 14 days. We also evaluated the content of hepatic canalicular membrane proteins involved in lipid transport to the bile (all P-glycoproteins as detected by the C 219 antibody and the sister of P-glycoprotein "spgp" or bile acid export pump) by Western blotting. As predicted, lecithin diet modified hepatic cholesterol homeostasis. The activity of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase was enhanced by 30 and 12% respectively, while microsomal ACAT activity showed a dramatic decrease of 75%. As previously reported from ACAT inhibition, the plasma level and size of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly decreased and bile acid pool size and biliary lipid output were significantly increased. The canalicular membrane content of lipid transporters was not significantly affected by dietary lecithin. The current data on inhibition of ACAT activity and related metabolic effects by lecithin mimic the previously reported effects following drug-induced inhibition of ACAT activity, suggesting potential beneficial effects of dietary lecithin supplementation in vascular disease. |
| Effects of dietary stearic acid on plasma cholesterol levels Cobb, T. K. (1992), South Med J 85(1): 25-7. Abstract: Dietary advice based on saturated versus unsaturated fatty acids for the purpose of controlling the plasma cholesterol level has for many years plagued the American public with unpalatable diets that are difficult to adhere to. Stearic acid, an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid, does not share the hypercholesterolemic effect of other saturated fatty acids and may be the key to more palatable diets for the cholesterol-conscious dieter in the future. |
| Effects of dietary tamarind on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens Chowdhury, S. R., D. K. Sarker, et al. (2005), Poult Sci 84(1): 56-60. Abstract: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential for dietary tamarind to alter serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentrations and overall performance in different layer strains. Thirty, 43-wk-old, Hisex Brown, ISA Brown, Lohmann Brown, Starcross Brown, Babcock B-300, and Starcross-579 strains (5 hens per strain) were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, or 8% oven-dried tamarind for 6 wk. Egg production, egg mass, and efficiency of feed utilization followed a quadratic response with a maximum when the diet contained 2% tamarind and a minimum when 8% tamarind was fed (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) among strains for egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, egg mass, feed consumption, or feed efficiency. Yolk weight increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary tamarind in wk 1, 2, and 3 as well as when averaged over 6 wk. Egg yolk cholesterol concentrations were not affected by dietary tamarind. Serum cholesterol concentrations, however, decreased quadratically with increasing levels of dietary tamarind (P < 0.05). It was concluded that 2% supplemental dietary tamarind could decrease serum cholesterol concentrations and increase layer performance. |
| Effects of dietary vitamin C and E supplementation on the copper mediated oxidation of HDL and on HDL mediated cholesterol efflux Rifici, V. A. and A. K. Khachadurian (1996), Atherosclerosis 127(1): 19-26. Abstract: Copper mediated oxidative modification of high density lipoprotein (HDL) diminishes its capacity to promote cholesterol efflux from cells in culture. In the present study, HDL was isolated from eight subjects before and after a 10 day administration of the antioxidant vitamins C and E. After incubation HDL (1.25 mg protein/ml) with 10 microM copper for 0-4 h or with 0-20 microM copper for 4 h, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production was significantly decreased following vitamin administration suggesting that the vitamins decreased the susceptibility of HDL to oxidation. However, two other assays of lipoprotein oxidation, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid reactivity and conjugated diene formation, did not show a consistent effect of vitamin administration. To study cholesterol efflux, J774 macrophages were labeled with 3H cholesterol (0.1 microCi/ml, 50 micrograms/ml) and incubated with HDL or oxidized HDL (100 micrograms protein/ml) for 24 h. HDL isolated before vitamins and oxidized in vitro was 39% less effective in mediating efflux compared to unmodified HDL, while HDL isolated after vitamins and oxidized was 22% less effective (before vs. after vitamins, P < 0.015). HDL oxidation determined by measuring TBARS production correlated with decreased cholesterol efflux (r = 0.37, P < 0.050). These data suggest that oxidation of HDL interferes with its role in reverse cholesterol transport and that antioxidant vitamins have a protective effect. |