| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Factors affecting low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to pravastatin in the West Of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS) Streja, L., C. J. Packard, et al. (2002), Am J Cardiol 90(7): 731-6. Abstract: Statins are regarded as efficacious in general but there is a wide variation in individual response. We sought demographic and lifestyle factors that influenced the response to pravastatin 40 mg/day in moderately hypercholesterolemic men in the West Of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS). Changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol after 6 months of treatment were examined in 1,604 highly compliant subjects. LDL cholesterol decreased by a mean of 30.4%. The magnitude of the change was influenced, albeit to a small extent, by baseline plasma triglyceride levels and alcohol intake and age; subjects with low plasma triglyceride levels, older subjects, and subjects with low alcohol intake had the greatest reductions. The mean response in HDL cholesterol in the group was an 8.3% increase (0.09 mmol/L). The percent increase in HDL cholesterol was affected by baseline HDL level, plasma triglyceride levels, decrease in plasma triglyceride levels during the administration of pravastatin, and body mass index. The absolute increase in HDL cholesterol was influenced by the decrease in plasma triglyceride levels, body mass index, and alcohol intake. All of these associations were weak (r <0.2) although highly significant. In conclusion, plasma lipid phenotype, obesity, and alcohol consumption appear to influence the response of LDL and HDL cholesterol to statin treatment. The absolute increment in HDL cholesterol is relatively constant across a range of baseline values, hence the percent change is largely a function of the starting value. |
| Factors affecting the measurement of cholesterol nucleation in human gallbladder and duodenal bile Marks, J. W., P. Broomfield, et al. (1991), Gastroenterology 101(1): 214-9. Abstract: The study of cholesterol gallstone disease would be facilitated if the nucleation time of cholesterol crystals could be measured in duodenal bile and was correlated with nucleation occurring in vivo. Therefore, our aims were to determine (a) if nucleation time could be measured in duodenal bile, (b) the effect of bacteria, phospholipase, protease, and dilution on the measurement of nucleation time, and (c) the ability of nucleation time of duodenal bile to reflect changes occurring in vivo that promote the formation of gallstones and, therefore, the potential usefulness of nucleation time in predicting and studying the formation of gallstones. Gallbladder bile was obtained from 27 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy and 19 patients undergoing diagnostic duodenal biliary drainage. Among the 14 bile samples collected by drainage that nucleated within 21 days, mean nucleation time was 6.3 +/- 2.8 days. The addition of inhibitors of phospholipase or protease prolonged nucleation time slightly. Bacteria were cultured from one bile sample at the time of collection and five samples at the time of nucleation. The addition of antibiotics had no effect on nucleation time. Dilution of bile collected at cholecystectomy to the concentration of duodenal bile prolonged nucleation time. In 4 of 5 obese patients receiving a very low calorie diet and predisposed to gallstones, the nucleation time in duodenal bile shortened, and the shortest nucleation times were associated with the formation of cholesterol crystals in vivo. Thus, measurement of nucleation time in duodenal bile may be useful in predicting and studying the formation of cholesterol gallstones. |
| Factors associated with changes in serum total cholesterol levels over 7 years in middle-aged New Zealand men and women: a prospective study Metcalf, P. A., R. K. Scragg, et al. (2001), Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 11(5): 298-305. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with changes in serum total cholesterol levels over a period of seven years. METHODS AND RESULTS: The baseline Workforce Diabetes Survey was carried out between 1988 and 1990 and involved workers predominantly aged > or = 40 years; a follow-up survey of 4,053 participants was carried out between 1995 and 1997. Both surveys measured serum lipid levels by means of enzymatic methods. The overall age- and gender-adjusted mean serum cholesterol levels decreased by 4.6% between the two surveys. The two-thirds of participants who experienced a decrease in total serum cholesterol formed a higher risk group at baseline insofar as they were older, more inactive and more likely to be male, and had higher blood pressure (BP), higher serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and a higher body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio than the one-third whose serum cholesterol levels increased (all p < 0.05). The decrease in serum cholesterol was associated with improvements or less deterioration in risk factors (fasting glucose, BP, BMI and the waist/hip ratio, the low-density/high-density lipoprotein (LDL/HDL) ratio, triglyceride concentrations and level of physical activity) and an increase in the use of lipid lowering drugs. CONCLUSION: Serum cholesterol levels decreased over the seven years between the surveys, principally among the individuals at highest risk. The use of lipid lowering drugs contributed to this decline but lifestyle factors, such as increased exercise levels, may also have played a role because other risk factors also improved. |
| Factors associated with elevated serum cholesterol levels in well-to-do Pakistani schoolchildren Badruddin, S. H., M. Khurshid, et al. (1991), J Trop Med Hyg 94(2): 123-9. Abstract: Cholesterol (CH) and triglyceride (TG) levels were determined in blood drawn after an overnight fast from 388 school children aged 5-19 years from private schools in Karachi. The mean CH levels ranged from 4.4 to 4.6 mmol l-1 (170.1 to 177.9 mg dl-1) for boys and 4.4 to 4.8 mmol l-1 (170.1 to 185.6 mg dl-1) for girls. The range of TG levels was 1.0 to 1.2 mmol l-1 (88.6 to 106.3 mg dl-1) and 0.9 to 1.1 mmol l-1 (79.7 to 97.4 mg dl-1) for boys and girls respectively. Sixty-two per cent of the girls and 54% of the boys had cholesterol values greater than or equal to 4.4 mmol l-1 (170 mg dl-1), a level at which dietary intervention is recommended for children. Thirty-two per cent of all the children had triglyceride levels above the 90th percentile of the levels for similar age groups in North America. The mean cholesterol intake was 469 mg/day for girls and 518 mg/day for boys. Overweight and inactivity were associated with raised serum cholesterol levels. Forty per cent of the girls and 25% of the boys reported a strong family history of hypercholesterolaemia and/or heart disease. The results show that the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia is high in well-to-do Pakistani school children and factors which can be modified to lower serum cholesterol levels are identified. |
| Factors associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol in Japanese and American telephone executives Ohara, K., M. J. Klag, et al. (1991), Am J Epidemiol 134(2): 137-48. Abstract: The association of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) with several factors was examined in a cross-sectional study of Japanese and American telephone executives. Mean HDL cholesterol levels were similar in both groups of men and were negatively associated with body mass index, smoking, and serum uric acid and positively associated with alcohol and exercise. These associations did not differ between the Japanese and the American men. The mean HDL cholesterol level was 4.2 mg/dl lower in the Japanese than in the American men after adjusting for age, body mass index, alcohol, smoking, exercise, and serum uric acid. The difference in HDL cholesterol between Japanese and American men in this study is inconsistent with the much lower coronary heart disease mortality in Japan and with previous comparison studies of these two populations. Most previous studies have not adjusted for important confounders, but the selective nature of our study groups may have also contributed to this inconsistency. These racial differences in HDL cholesterol may also be due to either genetic or unmeasured environmental and cultural differences. Given the similarity in HDL cholesterol levels between these two groups, our results suggest that HDL cholesterol does not play an important role in the lower coronary heart disease mortality in Japanese men. |
| Factors associated with low and elevated plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels in the Framingham Offspring Study Schaefer, E. J., S. Lamon-Fava, et al. (1994), J Lipid Res 35(5): 871-82. Abstract: A decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level (< 35 mg/dl) has been shown to be a significant independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Moreover, increased HDL cholesterol levels (> or = 60 mg/dl) are associated with a decreased CHD risk. Levels of HDL cholesterol and apoA-I, the major protein constituent of HDL, were measured in plasma from fasting participants in the Framingham Offspring Study (1,584 men and 1,639 women, mean age 49 +/- 10 years). In this population, an HDL cholesterol value < 35 mg/dl was observed in 18.2% of men and 3.8% of women, and these subjects had mean apoA-I levels of 104 and 106 mg/dl, respectively, and triglyceride levels of 234 and 261 mg/dl, respectively. CHD was observed in 14.2% of men and 14.5% of women in this category. An HDL cholesterol level > or = 60 mg/dl was observed in 11.7% of men and 39.3% of women, and these subjects had mean apoA-I levels of 182 and 185 mg/dl, respectively, and mean triglyceride levels of 81 and 75 mg/dl, respectively. CHD was noted in 2.7% of men and 1.9% of women in this category. HDL cholesterol levels were much more strongly related to triglycerides (r = -0.54 in men and -0.47 in women) than was apoA-I (r = -0.26 in men and -0.13 in women). The relationship between plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels was not linear. In both men and women, triglycerides, body mass index (BMI), and alcohol intake contributed significantly to HDL cholesterol and apoA-I variability. |
| Factors associated with participation in a worksite cholesterol screening and nutrition education program Strychar, I. M., B. Shannon, et al. (1992), Am J Health Promot 6(4): 264-6, 319. |
| Factors associated with serum cholesterol level in a pediatric practice. Cholesterol screening in a pediatric practice Donker, G. A., D. C. Goff, Jr., et al. (1993), Ann Epidemiol 3(1): 49-56. Abstract: The associations between age, sex, height, Quetelet index, blood pressure, and serum cholesterol level were examined among 1406 routinely screened children, aged 4 to 19 years, in a pediatric practice. After adjustment for sex and age, height and Quetelet index were associated with serum cholesterol levels. Quetelet index was shown by multiple linear regression to be positively related to cholesterol levels (b = 0.780, P < 0.01), but the predictive value of screening based on an elevated Quetelet index was marginal. Clustering of elevated serum cholesterol level, Quetelet index, and systolic blood pressure was observed. Familial aggregation of cholesterol levels was demonstrated using analysis of variance for 742 children from 342 families included in the regression analysis (F341,400 = 1.56, P < 0.0001). The intraclass correlation coefficient, a measure of familial aggregation, was 0.205 (P < 0.0001). Age, sex, height, Quetelet index, and familial aggregation accounted for 10.6% of the variance in serum cholesterol levels. Siblings of children with high cholesterol levels are a high-yield group in cholesterol screening. |
| Factors in post dialysis CAPD fluid affecting 3H cholesterol efflux from human skin fibroblasts Killalea, A. G., J. Eustace, et al. (1997), Biochem Soc Trans 25(1): 123S. |
| Factors influencing the accuracy of the national reference system total cholesterol reference method Bernert, J. T., Jr., J. R. Akins, et al. (1991), Clin Chem 37(12): 2053-61. Abstract: Previous comparisons between the Reference and Definitive Methods for measuring serum cholesterol have demonstrated a small but persistent positive bias in the Reference Method, averaging about +1.6%. Here we describe the results of further investigations designed to better characterize the nature of this bias. Analysis of a well-characterized model serum sample (SRM 909) suggests that more than half of the difference in cholesterol values determined by the two methods is the result of small contributions from cholesterol precursor sterols and phytosterols, which are also measured for the Reference Method. An additional significant contribution may be from cholesterol oxidation products, particularly 7-hydroxycholesterol isomers, which are active in the Liebermann-Burchard reaction. The 7-hydroxycholesterol in SRM 909, most of which appeared to be already present in the serum rather than formed during saponification, may account for as much as 20% of the observed difference between the methods. Contributions from other possible sources, including impurities in the cholesterol standard and incomplete saponification of cholesteryl esters, are very small. Because the observed bias is both quite small and consistent among samples, the cholesterol Reference Method continues to meet all of the requirements generally expected for a dependable and effective Reference Method. |
| Factors influencing the formation of new human coronary lesions: age, blood pressure, and blood cholesterol Mack, W. J. and D. H. Blankenhorn (1991), Am J Public Health 81(9): 1180-4. Abstract: BACKGROUND. The Cholesterol Lowering Atherosclerosis Study, a controlled angiographic trial, has reported that new native coronary artery lesions are significantly reduced by aggressive blood lipid lowering therapy with colestipol plus niacin. To study factors relevant to primary atherosclerosis prevention, we have conducted an epidemiologic analysis of new native coronary lesion formation in placebo-treated patients. METHODS. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression procedures were used to examine age at entry into the study, number of years since bypass, body weight, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol, and apolipoproteins A-I,B, and C-III. RESULTS. Significant univariate protective factors were older age (P less than.006), reduction of total plasma cholesterol (P less than.040), and systolic (P less than.024) and diastolic (P less than.022) blood pressure. Significant multivariate protective factors were older age (P less than.005) and reduction in systotic blood pressure (P less than.021). Blood pressure effects were not associated with use of specific antihypertensive agents. CONCLUSIONS. These data provide additional support for the control of hypertension and reduction of blood cholesterol level for primary and secondary ischemic heart disease prevention. They also indicate the existence of a population at high risk for early coronary lesion formation and the need for improved means to identify such individuals prior to the onset of clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease. |
| Factors influencing tracking of cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study Twisk, J. W., H. C. Kemper, et al. (1996), Prev Med 25(3): 355-64. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Tracking analysis of serum cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and the TC/HDL-C ratio was carried out by a new method based on generalized estimating equations (GEE). METHODS: Longitudinal data were derived from the Amsterdam Growth and Health Study, in which 181 subjects were measured six times from age of 13 years to the age of 27 years. RESULTS: Tracking coefficients (interpretable as coefficients of stability over time) calculated over a 15-year period with GEE for TC were 0.71 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60-0.74; for HDL-C, males, 0.51 (95% CI 0.34-0.69); for HDL-C, females, 0.65 (95% CI 0.53-0.77); and for the TC/HDL-C ratio 0.71 (95% CI 0.63-0.79). The changes in TC were positively influenced by both body fatness (standardized regression coefficient beta = 0.13; 95% CI 0.04-0.21) and daily physical activity (beta = 0.08; 95% CI 0.00-0.16), and the changes in the TC/HDL-C ratio were positively influenced by body fatness (beta = 0.11; 95% 0.03-0.19). CONCLUSIONS: GEE tracking coefficients for TC and for the TC/HDL-C ratio were higher than the coefficients for HDL-C. Furthermore, multivariate analyses showed a positive influence of body fatness and daily physical activity measured at 13 years of age on the changes in TC over time. No relations were found between any of the biological, psychological, or lifestyle parameters and the changes in HDL-C, while the changes in the TC/HDL-C ratio were positively related to body fatness measured at 13 years of age. |
| Factors regulating the distribution of cholesterol between LDL and HDL Barter, P. J., L. B. Chang, et al. (1991), Adv Exp Med Biol 285: 59-64. |
| Factors related to accuracy in office cholesterol testing. Iowa Academy of Family Physicians Research Network Erickson, R., C. Driscoll, et al. (1991), J Fam Pract 33(5): 457-61. Abstract: BACKGROUND. There has been growing interest in the performance of diagnostic testing in physician office laboratories (POLs). Since the measurement of cholesterol is a well-defined and standardized laboratory test, it was selected to assess factors related to test accuracy in POLs. METHODS. One hundred thirty-one family practice offices were eligible to participate in the survey. Each was mailed a cholesterol specimen with a standardized value in October 1988. The laboratory characteristics of those POLs with results that were within 10% of the true specimen value were compared with those with results that were greater than 10% in error. RESULTS. Of the 131 POLs, 122 returned an answer for the unknown specimen. Ninety-eight (80%) were within 10% of the true value, and 114 (93%) were within 15%. Factors that were related to lower error rates (more likely to be within 10% total error) were whether the laboratory performed more than 25 laboratory tests per day, participated in a proficiency testing program, and ran daily quality controls, as well as the type of instrument the laboratory used. CONCLUSIONS. Overall performance of the POLs compared favorably with reference laboratories; however, running controls and participating in a proficiency testing program may further improve POL test accuracy. |
| Factors related to total cholesterol and blood pressure in British 9 year olds Rona, R. J., S. Qureshi, et al. (1996), J Epidemiol Community Health 50(5): 512-18. Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE: To assess which factors are associated with total cholesterol concentration and blood pressure in 9 year olds, and to examine the extent to which a report of a heart attack in a close relative identifies children with a high total cholesterol value or high systolic blood pressure. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional study. SETTING: The analysis was based on 22 study areas from a representative English sample, 14 areas from a representative Scottish sample, and 20 areas from an inner city sample. PARTICIPANTS: There were 1987 children aged 8 or 9 whose blood pressure was measured and 1662 children whose total cholesterol was assessed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Blood pressure was measured using the Dinamap 1846 automated sphygmomanometer and cholesterol using the Lipotrend C. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the independent associations with each of the outcome variables. Either weight for height or sum of skinfolds measured in four sites was highly associated with the outcome measures in the study (p < 0.001). Fatter or overweight children had higher blood pressure and higher cholesterol concentrations. Child's height was also associated with the outcome measures in most of the analyses, but was positively related to blood pressure and negatively associated with cholesterol value. There was an association between diastolic blood pressure and area of residence as represented by the regional health authority (RHA), but the association was not the same as the association reported between coronary heart disease, standardised mortality ratio, and RHA. Children with low birth weight and those with shorter gestation had higher systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 respectively), but not diastolic blood pressure. A report of a premature heart attack in a parent or a grandparent was not associated with higher cholesterol or blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing obesity in children, together with the avoidance of smoking, may be an appropriate action to prevent coronary heart disease in adulthood. A report of heart disease in a close relative is an ineffective means of identifying children at greater risk of high cholesterol or blood pressure without other measurements from relatives. |
| Failure of current guidelines for cholesterol screening in urban African-American adolescents Rifai, N., E. Neufeld, et al. (1996), Pediatrics 98(3 Pt 1): 383-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend selective screening to detect children and adolescents with hypercholesterolemia. We compared the effectiveness of these guidelines with other potential screening strategies in urban African-American adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Two hundred sixty African-American adolescents and young adults (192 females and 68 males; age range, 12 to 20 years) who were free from illnesses or medications that disrupt lipid metabolism were included in the study. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their smoking habits, blood pressure, contraceptive pill use, and family history of early heart disease and high cholesterol and had their blood lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins measured (152 fasting and 108 nonfasting). RESULTS: Nineteen percent of participants reported family histories of hypercholesterolemia; 26% reported family histories of premature heart disease; and 8% had family histories of both hypercholesterolemia and premature heart disease. Therefore, 37% of these participants would have been targeted for cholesterol screening, compared with the 25% predicted by the NCEP. Less than 50% of the participants with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels greater than 110 or 130 mg/dL would have been detected by selective screening. Total cholesterol was superior as a screening test to apolipoprotein B in predicting LDL-C levels greater than 110 mg/dL (sensitivity, 92% vs 59%). However, total cholesterol minus high-density lipoprotein cholesterol showed better positive predictive value (100%) at LDL-C levels greater than 110 mg/dL than total cholesterol in the fasting (80%) and total groups (90%). CONCLUSIONS: In this population, selective screening with total cholesterol, as recommended by the NCEP, has such poor sensitivity and positive predictive value that other options may be superior. As an alternative, we recommend the measurement of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol together with total cholesterol at the initial screening step in adolescents and universal screening for those older than 16 years to capture a greater proportion of young adults with increased LDL-C. Furthermore, we recommend using the less stringent treatment guidelines established by the Adult Treatment Panel II for premenopausal women and men younger than 35 years for older adolescents and young adults. |
| Failure of diltiazem to suppress cholesterol-induced atherogenesis of endothelium-denudated arteries in pigs Sassen, L. M., J. M. Lamers, et al. (1990), Atherosclerosis 81(3): 217-24. Abstract: To investigate the effect of diltiazem on the development of atherosclerosis, 15 pigs were fed a fat-poor basal diet to which 8% (w/w) lard fat and 2% (w/w) cholesterol were added for 8 months. To enhance the formation of atherosclerotic plaques endothelium of the aorta and the left anterior descending coronary artery was removed after 1 month and 0.5% (w/w) bile acids were added to the diet after 3 months. Seven animals served as control, while 8 animals also received diltiazem (the first 2 months 10 mg/kg twice daily and during the remainder of the dietary period 5 mg/kg twice daily). The diet-induced increases in plasma level of total cholesterol were not affected by diltiazem. Triglyceride levels did not change in the control group but decreased significantly in the diltiazem-treated animals. Collagen-induced (1 microgram/ml) platelet aggregation was increased by diltiazem. The sum of free and esterified cholesterol was increased in the lesions of the aortic wall in the diltiazem-treated animals (9.8 +/- 1.3 micrograms/g wet weight vs. 6.3 +/- 1.0 mumol/g wet weight in the untreated animals), but coverage of the aorta with sudanophilic lesions was similar for both groups (40 +/- 4% for the treated and 34 +/- 9% for the control animals). Narrowing of the previously abraded coronary arteries was similar for the diltiazem-treated (median 7.1%, ranges 2.6-29.0%) and the control group (median 10.0%, ranges 2.3-24.1%). It is concluded that the dose range of diltiazem of 5-10 mg/kg twice daily, which is close to that used in the clinical setting, had no effect on the experimentally induced atherogenesis in pigs. |
| Failure of exogenous apoprotein E-3 to enhance cholesterol egress from J-774 murine macrophages in culture Granot, E. and S. Eisenberg (1995), Atherosclerosis 114(1): 115-22. Abstract: HDL has been shown to enhance the removal of cholesterol from cultured fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and macrophages, but fails to stimulate cholesterol removal from J-774 macrophages. Since J-774 macrophages do not synthesize or secrete apolipoprotein E, the effect of exogenous apolipoprotein E on HDL-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux was studied in this cell line. In cholesterol loaded J-774 macrophages total cellular cholesterol increased up to 6-7-fold, mainly cholesteryl esters. HDL3 removed up to 30% of total cellular cholesterol with a decrease in cholesteryl ester levels while free cholesterol levels remained unchanged. HDL3 was slightly superior to albumin in promoting cellular cholesterol removal. Exogenous apo E, over a wide range of apo E concentrations, did not enhance the ability of HDL3 to remove cellular cholesterol from cholesterol loaded J-774 cells. Exogenous apo E did not promote HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux from cells, thus suggesting a possible role for the intracellular route of newly synthesized apo E in these processes. |
| Failure of family history to predict high blood cholesterol among hispanic preschool children Shea, S., C. E. Basch, et al. (1990), Prev Med 19(4): 443-55. Abstract: Recommendations for screening children for high blood cholesterol remain controversial. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Heart Association, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference have recommended targeted screening of children with positive family history. We examined data from a sample of 108 Hispanic preschool children and their families to test targeted screening strategies. Thirty-seven children (34.3%) had total cholesterol levels of greater than or equal to 4.40 mmole/liter (170 mg/dl). Using the American Academy of Pediatrics definition of family history, sensitivity (proportion of those with high blood cholesterol with positive family history) was 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.73) and accuracy (overall proportion correctly classified) was 0.58 (0.48 to 0.68). Using the American Heart Association and NIH Consensus Conference definition of family history, sensitivity was 0.46 (0.30 to 0.63) and accuracy was 0.62 (0.52 to 0.71). Classification of children based on the mother's total cholesterol level of greater than or equal to 5.17 mmole/liter (200 mg/dl), the mother's low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of greater than or equal to 4.14 mmole/liter (160 mg/dl), the mother's low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level of greater than or equal to 3.36 mmole/liter (130 mg/dl), or the child's own body mass index greater than or equal to 75th percentile was less sensitive and no more accurate. These findings indicate that current recommendations as well as other potential strategies for targeted cholesterol screening in young children have serious shortcomings and lend support to universal cholesterol screening in childhood. |
| Failure of family history to predict high blood cholesterol in Hispanic preschool children Shea, S., C. E. Basch, et al. (1991), Ann N Y Acad Sci 623: 464-5. |