| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and cholesterol-lowering activity of (-)-3S,5R-fluvastatin and (+)-3R,5S-fluvastatin in healthy volunteers Kirchheiner, J., D. Kudlicz, et al. (2003), Clin Pharmacol Ther 74(2): 186-94. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: In vitro data indicate that biotransformation of the synthetic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor fluvastatin is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme 2C9. The consequences of CYP2C9 genetic polymorphisms on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics and on its efficacy have not been investigated in humans thus far. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy heterozygous or homozygous carriers of the CYP2C9 variants Arg144Cys (*2) and Ile359Leu (*3) and 2 individuals with the deficient CYP2D6 genotype *4/*4 took 40 mg racemic fluvastatin daily for 14 days. All subjects had also been genotyped for CYP2C8, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6 polymorphisms. Pharmacokinetics was analyzed after the first fluvastatin administration. Serum lipid concentrations were measured before fluvastatin intake and on day 15. Plasma concentrations of (+)-3R,5S-fluvastatin and of (-)-3S,5R-fluvastatin were quantified by enantiospecific HPLC. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetics of both enantiomers showed statistically significant differences according to the number of CYP2C9*3 alleles (P <.0001, F test). Mean (and SD) values for area under the curve of the active (+)-3R,5S-fluvastatin in carriers of the genotype CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*3, and *3/*3 were 173 (85) micro g. L(-1). h, 231 (85) micro g. L(-1). h, and 533 (120) micro g. L(-1). h, respectively. The corresponding values for area under the curve of (-)-3S,5R-fluvastatin were 227 (133) micro g. L(-1). h, 360 (103) micro g. L(-1). h, and 1126 (311) micro g. L(-1). h for CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*3, and *3/*3, respectively. The CYP2C9*2 variant did not have any significant influence on fluvastatin kinetics, nor did the CYP2C8*3 allele, which was tightly linked with CYP2C9*2. Total serum cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly during the 14-day treatment period (P <.001), but no correlation with the CYP2C9 genotype was found. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of both enantiomers of fluvastatin depended on the CYP2C9 genotype, with a 3-fold group mean difference in the active enantiomer and even greater differences in the inactive enantiomer, but differences in plasma concentrations were not reflected in cholesterol lowering after 14 days of fluvastatin intake in healthy volunteers. |
| Influence of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on cholesterol metabolism in the serum and bile Krastev, Z., S. Deredjian, et al. (1990), Ital J Gastroenterol 22(2): 108. |
| Influence of dietary cholesterol and fat source on atherosclerosis in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) Yuan, Y. V., D. D. Kitts, et al. (1997), Br J Nutr 78(6): 993-1014. Abstract: The Japanese quail has been used as a model of human atherosclerosis to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of vascular lesions, i.e. hyperlipoproteinaemia and impaired endogenous antioxidant status. In the present study, Japanese quail were fed on semi-purified diets containing butter, beef tallow or soyabean-oil blends, with either 0.5 or 5 g cholesterol/kg for 9 weeks to examine the effects of dietary fat blends varying in fatty acid composition and cholesterol intake on plasma lipids and aortic atherosclerotic plaque and sterol composition. These findings were related to possible diet-induced changes in antioxidant status of selected tissues. Hypercholesterolaemia was confirmed (P < 0.001) in birds fed on high-cholesterol (HC) diets. Plasma total cholesterol concentration and cholesterol content of lipoprotein fractions in hypercholesterolaemic birds were lower (P < 0.05) in quail fed on the soyabean-oil blend. Plasma triacylglycerol content was increased (P < 0.001) in HC-fed birds. Dietary fat blends did not influence plasma triacylglycerol levels. Tissue antioxidant status (catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.1) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activities and glutathione content) was generally not greatly affected by dietary fat blend or cholesterol treatment. Birds fed on HC diets exhibited severe (P < 0.001) atherosclerotic plaque in aortas which was not influenced by the source of dietary fat blend. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed results of visual aortic plaque scoring using dissecting light microscopy. Several cholesterol oxides were identified and quantified in aortic plaque from HC-fed birds (5,6 alpha-epoxy-5 alpha-cholesterol, 7(beta-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol) regardless of dietary fat blend. The results indicate that dietary fat blends varying in polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid ratios only marginally influence the degree of hypercholesterolaemia in atherosclerosis-susceptible quail fed on atherogenic diets only, and are not a factor, compared with sterol feeding, in modulating the degree of atherosclerosis or the aortic oxysterol content in these same birds. Moreover, diet-induced hyperlipoproteinaemia had only a small effect on antioxidant status of selected tissues examined. |
| Influence of dietary cholesterol on polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, fluidity and membrane-bound enzymes in liver microsomes of rats fed olive and fish oil Muriana, F. J., V. Ruiz-Gutierrez, et al. (1992), Biochimie 74(6): 551-6. Abstract: Male rats were fed diets containing olive or marine fish oils (10% w/w) with or without added cholesterol (1% w/w). After six weeks of feeding, the major fatty acid composition, fluidity, fatty acid desaturating and cholesterol biosynthesis/esterification related enzymes of liver microsomes were determined. Both olive oil and marine fish oil diets, without added cholesterol, enriched content of oleic and docosahexaenoic acids, respectively, of rat liver microsomes. The results were consistent with reduction in delta 6 and delta 5 desaturation of n-6 essential fatty acids and higher fluidity in the marine origin oil group. Inclusion of cholesterol into diets resulted in decreased membrane arachidonic acid content, with concomitant increase in linoleic acid content. Cholesterol feeding also decreased delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities, as well as membrane fluidity. Furthermore, the activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase decreased, whereas the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase increased, in liver microsomes from both cholesterol-fat groups. |
| Influence of dietary cholesterol on vitamin d metabolism in formula-fed preterm neonates Picaud, J. C., P. Boucher, et al. (2002), J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 35(2): 180-4. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Supplementation of preterm formulas with cholesterol could help to mimic the fat composition of human milk. However, this could possibly influence vitamin D 25-hydroxylation because this reaction is catalyzed in part by the mitochondrial cytochrome P-450, the enzyme responsible for the 27-hydroxylation of cholesterol. The purpose of this study was to verify whether the addition of cholesterol to preterm formulas could interfere with vitamin D metabolism in preterm neonates. METHODS: In a prospective study, 30 preterm neonates were randomly assigned to a low (< 0.03 g/L), medium (0.15 g/L), or high (0.30 g/L) cholesterol-content preterm formula until theoretical term (i.e., 40 weeks post-conceptional age). Anthropometric data and serum hydroxy-vitamin D and 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D concentrations were measured at study entry and theoretical term. In a subgroup of 14 subjects, serum cholesterol and lymphocyte 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA were also assessed. RESULTS: (median 25, 75 centiles): At theoretical term, there were no significant differences in serum hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations among the three groups, even after adjustment for confounding variables (65 50, 78 nmol/L, 79 59, 86 nmol/L, and 67 43, 103 nmol/L, respectively, = 0.65) or 1,25 dihydroxy-vitamin D (= 0.88). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA copy numbers. CONCLUSIONS: In preterm neonates fed formulas with a cholesterol content similar to or higher than that of human milk, we did not observe deleterious effects on vitamin D metabolism. However, long-term effects of cholesterol supplementation require further studies. |
| Influence of dietary curcumin and cholesterol on the progression of experimentally induced diabetes in albino rat Babu, P. S. and K. Srinivasan (1995), Mol Cell Biochem 152(1): 13-21. Abstract: Effect of feeding 0.5% curcumin diet or 1% cholesterol diet was examined in albino rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats maintained on curcumin diet for 8 weeks excreted comparatively less amounts of albumin, urea, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus. Urinary excretion of the electrolytes sodium and potassium were also significantly lowered under curcumin treatment. Dietary curcumin also partially reversed the abnormalities in plasma albumin, urea, creatine and inorganic phosphorus in diabetic animals. On the other hand, glucose excretion or the fasting sugar level was unaffected by dietary curcumin and so also the body weights were not improved to any significant extent. Diabetic rats fed curcumin diet had a lowered relative liver weight at the end of the study compared to other diabetic groups. Diabetic rats fed a curcumin diet also showed lowered lipid peroxidation in plasma and urine when compared to other diabetic groups. The extent of lipid peroxidation on the other hand, was still higher in cholesterol fed diabetic groups compared to diabetic rats fed with control diet. Thus, the study reveals that curcumin feeding improves the metabolic status in diabetic conditions, despite no effect on hyperglycemic status or the body weights. The mechanism by which curcumin improves this situation is probably by virtue of its hypocholesterolemic influence, antioxidant nature and free radical scavenging property. |
| Influence of dietary fat source and copper supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid profile of meat and depot fat, and on cholesterol content in meat Skrivan, M., V. Skrivanova, et al. (2000), Br Poult Sci 41(5): 608-14. Abstract: 1. Three hundred and twenty d-old chickens were fed on a wheat/maize-soyabean meal diet supplemented with (i) 50 g/kg lard, (ii) 25 g/kg lard and 25 g/kg rapeseed oil, (iii) 50 g/kg rapeseed oil, and (iv) 50 g/kg rapeseed oil and 200 mg copper per kg as copper sulphate pentahydrate. 2. Final weights at 39 d of age in chickens receiving rapeseed oil were lower by 9% than in those fed on the diet containing only lard (P<0.05). The fatty acids profiles of lipids extracted from the tissues of 10 chickens per group reflected those of the diets. 3. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of breast muscles and abdominal fat (expressed as a percentage of total fatty acids) was increased and the ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids was decreased by the substitution of lard by rapeseed oil (P<0.001). These changes were more pronounced for the adipose tissue than for breast muscles. 4. Copper sulphate supplementation increased the final body weight of chickens by 4.3% (P<0.05), reduced the saturated fatty acid (SFA) proportion (P<0.05) in abdominal fat and increased the PUFA:SFA ratio (P<0.05). The magnitude of improvement, however, was small. 5. The substitution of rapeseed oil for lard decreased the concentration of cholesterol in breast muscles by 13%. Copper supplementation further reduced the cholesterol content by 25%. Both effects were significant (P<0.001). |
| Influence of dietary fat, cholesterol and energy on serum lipids at vigorous physical exercise Ekstedt, B., E. Jonsson, et al. (1991), Scand J Clin Lab Invest 51(5): 437-42. Abstract: Seven healthy male volunteers participated in four different heavy cross-country ski trips in the mountains, 1 year apart, wearing a back-pack weighing 30 kg. Each trip lasted for 8 days covering a total distance of 160 km. Serum triglycerides and lipoprotein cholesterol were measured before and after the trip. The different experiments were carried out with the same participants and under the same conditions, but with a varying diet composition. With the four different diets used, a standard diet (3800 kcal day-1, 26% fat, 260 mg cholesterol day-1), a low-energy diet (2300 kcal day-1, 21% fat, 110 mg cholesterol day-1, a high-fat-high-cholesterol diet (3800 kcal day-1, 52% fat, 480 mg cholesterol day-1) and a high-cholesterol diet (3800 kcal day-1, 29% fat, 410 mg cholesterol day-1), a decrease in very low-density lipoprotein-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-LDL) fraction by 38%, 50%, 41%, and 54%, respectively, was obtained. No significant increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was found in the experiments with the standard diet and the low-energy diet, but in the high-fat-high-cholesterol diet experiment the HDL cholesterol increased by 19% and the ratio HDL cholesterol:total cholesterol from 0.327 to 0.490. With the high-cholesterol diet an increase in HDL cholesterol of about the same extent was obtained. In all experiments the serum triglycerides decreased by more than 30% and no significant difference for the different diets was obtained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Influence of dietary fatty acid composition on cholesterol synthesis and esterification in hamsters Jones, P. J., J. E. Ridgen, et al. (1990), Lipids 25(12): 815-20. Abstract: To investigate the effects of dietary fat quality on synthesis and esterification of cholesterol, Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing corn, olive, coconut or menhaden oils (10% w/w) with added cholesterol (0.1% w/w). After 3 weeks, animals were sacrificed 90 min following IP injection of 3H2O. Synthesis of free cholesterol and movement of free cholesterol into ester pools were measured from 3H-uptake rate in liver and duodenum. Plasma total cholesterol and triglycerides levels were highest in coconut oil-fed animals, whereas hepatic total cholesterol and ester levels were elevated in olive oil-fed animals, as compared with all other groups. No diet-related differences were seen in duodenal cholesterol or total fatty acid content. In duodenum, uptake of 3H per g tissue into cholesterol was greater compared with liver; however, within each tissue, 3H-uptake into cholesterol was similar across groups. Notably, 3H-uptake into cholesterol ester in liver was highest in menhaden oil-fed animals. These data suggest that menhaden fish oil consumption results in enhanced movement of newly synthesized cholesterol into ester as compared with other fat types. |
| Influence of dietary fish proteins on plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats Zhang, X. and A. C. Beynen (1993), Br J Nutr 69(3): 767-77. Abstract: The effects of amount and type of dietary fish proteins on plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were evaluated in female rats. The isonitrogenous diets used contained 10 g cholesterol/kg and were carefully balanced for residual fat, cholesterol, Ca, Mg and P in the protein preparations. Cod meal, soya-bean protein or casein was incorporated into the diets as the only source of dietary protein at three levels: either 24, 48 or 72 g N/kg diet. Extra protein was added to the diet at the expense of the glucose component. In a second experiment soya-bean protein, casein, cod meal, whiting meal or plaice meal was added to the diet at a level of 24 g N/kg. When compared with casein, cod meal and soya-bean protein decreased plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. A further cholesterol-lowering effect was achieved by increasing the proportion of either soya-bean protein or cod meal in the diet. Substitution of casein for glucose did not influence plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations. Plaice meal in the diet produced lower group mean plasma cholesterol concentrations than did whiting meal. In rats fed on the diet containing plaice meal, liver cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower than those in their counterparts fed on either cod meal or whiting meal. The present study demonstrates that different fish proteins in the diet have different effects on cholesterol metabolism and that the cholesterol-influencing properties of cod meal can be enhanced by the incorporation of higher proportions of this protein in the diet. |
| Influence of dietary intake and physical activity on annual rhythm of human blood cholesterol concentrations Bluher, M., B. Hentschel, et al. (2001), Chronobiol Int 18(3): 541-57. Abstract: Seasonal variation in the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been repeatedly reported, with contradictory results regarding the pattern of seasonal variation of these parameters. Furthermore, it is still not well established whether the variation is due to changes in the nutrition or changes in physical activity depending on the season. The aim of this study was therefore to determine plasma TC and HDL-C in different groups of healthy participants: 19 vegetarians with a constant diet independent of the season, 14 athletes with almost constant physical activity over the year, and 114 controls in the age groups 20-26 years (mean age 24 + 1.5 years) and 40-48 years (mean age 44.3 + 2.1 years). Over 2 years, blood samples were collected every 2-3 months and were analyzed for plasma TC and HDL-C. At all visits, body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were calculated, and nutrition and physical activity profiles were obtained. The seasonal model was calculated using object-oriented software for the analysis of longitudinal data in S (OSWALD); multiple regression analysis was used to determine the influence of age, gender, diet, and physical activity on seasonal changes of the lipid parameters. In all groups, we found an annual rhythm of the plasma TC and HDL-C concentrations, which can be mathematically described by a sine curve with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. This rhythm was independent of the age, gender, BMI, diet, or physical activity. The observed seasonal differences between the maximum and the minimum were about 5%-10% for TC and about 5%-8% for HDL-C concentration. These differences were greater than the determined circadian (TC 3.5%, HDL-C 4%) and day-to-day changes for TC and HDL-C (coefficient of variation <5% for both). In conclusion, annual rhythm of TC and HDL-C is not primarily induced by seasonal differences in dietary intake or physical activity. Therefore, the annual rhythm in cholesterol levels is most likely determined by endogenous factors or factors directly related to seasonal changes in the environment. |
| Influence of dietary levels of fat, cholesterol, and calcium on colorectal cancer De Stefani, E., M. Mendilaharsu, et al. (1997), Nutr Cancer 29(1): 83-9. Abstract: The associations between calcium, fat, and cholesterol intake and risk of colorectal cancer were studied in a case-control study conducted in Uruguay. A total of 282 incident and histologically proven cases of adenocarcinomas of the colon and rectum comprised the case series. Five hundred sixty-four hospitalized controls were selected from the same hospitals from which the cases were drawn. Calcium intake was associated with a significant decrease in the risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio = 0.41, 95% confidence limit = 0.24-0.69 for the uppermost quartile of intake). The associations were similar for colon and rectal cancer. On the other hand, protein and total fat were associated with significantly increased risk of colorectal cancer. A strong interaction between calcium and fat (and cholesterol) intake was found. According to this interaction, calcium effect was maximal at low levels of dietary fat (and cholesterol intake), whereas fat (and cholesterol intake) showed a positive monotonic increase in risk of colorectal cancer at high levels of calcium intake. This finding should be further investigated in other epidemiologic and experimental studies. |
| Influence of docosahexaenoic acid and cholesterol on lateral lipid organization in phospholipid mixtures Huster, D., K. Arnold, et al. (1998), Biochemistry 37(49): 17299-308. Abstract: We investigated lateral lipid organization in membranes with a lipid composition relevant to neural and retinal membranes phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/phosphatidylserine (PS)/cholesterol, 4/4/1/1, mol/mol/mol/mol. The mixed-chain phospholipids contained saturated stearic acid (18:0) in the sn-1 position and the monounsaturated oleic acid (18:1) or polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) in sn-2. Lateral lipid organization was evaluated by 2H NMR order parameter measurements on stearic acid of all individual types of phospholipids in the mixture and, through a novel approach, two-dimensional NOESY 1H NMR spectroscopy with magic angle spinning (MAS). The docosahexaenoic acid chain order was evaluated from 1H NMR chain signal MAS-sideband intensities. Averaged over all lipids, the cholesterol-induced increase in sn-1 chain order is 2-fold larger in monounsaturated than in polyunsaturated lipids, and the order of both saturated and polyunsaturated hydrocarbon chains increases. Addition of cholesterol increases lipid order in the sequence 18:0-18:1 PE > 18:0-18:1 PC > 18:0-18:1 PS for the monounsaturated and 18:0-22:6 PC >> 18:0-22:6 PE > 18:0-22:6 PS for polyunsaturated mixtures. The variation of order parameters between lipid species suggests that cholesterol induces the formation of lipid microdomains with a headgroup and chain unsaturation-dependent lipid composition. The preferential interaction between cholesterol and polyunsaturated 18:0-22:6 PC, followed by 18:0-22:6 PE and 18:0-22:6 PS, was confirmed by 1H MAS NOESY cross-relaxation rate differences. Furthermore, cholesterol preferentially associates with saturated chains in mixed-chain lipids reflected by higher saturated chain-to-cholesterol cross-relaxation rates. We propose that cholesterol forms PC-enriched microdomains in the polyunsaturated 18:0-22:6 PC/18:0-22:6 PE/18:0-22:6 PS/cholesterol membranes in which the saturated sn-1 chains are preferentially oriented toward the cholesterol molecules. |
| Influence of dodecyltrimethylammonium halides on thermotropic phase behaviour of phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol bilayers Rozycka-Roszak, B. and H. Pruchnik (2000), Z Naturforsch C 55(9-10): 753-7. Abstract: Effects of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium iodide (DTAI) on thermotropic phase behaviour of phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing cholesterol as well as on 1H NMR spectra were studied. Two series of experiments were performed. In the first one the surfactants were added to the water phase while in the other directly to the lipid phase (a mixed film from cholesterol, surfactant and phosphatidylcholine was formed). The effects of particular surfactants on the main phase transition temperature, Tm, were more pronounced when added to the lipid phase (2nd method) than to the water phase (1st method); the opposite happened when cholesterol was absent (Rozycka-Roszak and Pruchnik 2000, Z. Naturforsch. 55c, 240-244). Furthermore, in the case of the first method the transitions were asymmetrical while in the second method nearly symmetrical. It is suggested that surfactant poor and surfactant rich domains are formed when surfactants are added to the water phase. |
| Influence of estrogen on cholesterol esterification and fatty acid composition in serum lipoproteins of castrated rats Cinci, G., M. Pizzichini, et al. (1995), Life Sci 56(1): 39-44. Abstract: Total, free and esterified cholesterol and its fatty acid composition were measured in the serum lipoproteins of castrated rats after estradiol administration. In general, castration and treatment with estradiol led to a decrease in total esterified cholesterol content. However, estradiol induced an effect opposite to that of castration on the fatty acid composition in VLDL. The effects were variable in HDL and insignificant in LDL. Similarly, the ratios of essential fatty acid to non-essential fatty acid (EFA/NEFA) and that to monoenoic acid (EFA/ME) were affected differently in castration and estradiol treatment in VLDL, but not in HDL or LDL. The pattern of lipid metabolism in castrated and estradiol-treated rats thus appears opposite to that described in human pathology. |
| Influence of familial hypertension on blood pressure, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol during second and third decade of life in Punjabi population Monga, U., O. P. Mahajan, et al. (2003), Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 47(2): 233-5. |
| Influence of fatty acid composition of diet on cholesterol content of eel liver and muscle Burgos, C., M. Castillo, et al. (1990), Arch Int Physiol Biochim 98(1): 1-6. Abstract: The influence of different diets on cholesterol content of liver and muscle of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) was studied for the first time. In control eel, cholesterol constituted near 7.5% of total lipids in liver and about 1% in muscle. Feeding herring meal-55% diet produced a drastic increase in hepatic cholesterol after a 30 d period. In muscle, cholesterol content also increased after any dietary treatment. Free cholesterol represented about 34% of total cholesterol in liver and about 50% in muscle. In both tissues, these percentages increased after any experimental condition assayed. The n-3/n-6 ratio in the fatty acid composition was manifestly low in herring meal-55% diet, mainly due to the minimal amount of total n-3 fatty acids. This fact may account for the increase in liver cholesterol, bearing in mind the hypocholesterolemic effect of the polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids. |
| Influence of ferritin levels on LDL cholesterol concentration in women van Jaarsveld, H., G. F. Pool, et al. (1997), Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 98(2): 201-8. Abstract: Various researchers have observed a higher risk for atherosclerosis when body iron concentration is elevated. The exact mechanism, however, is not known, but probably occurs catalytically via iron. Whether or not body iron concentration has an effect on plasma lipoproteins is also unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not ferritin concentration within the normal range correlate with LDL-cholesterol (an atherosclerotic risk factor), HDL-cholesterol, apoB, triglyceride and the mobility of LDL particles. Blood was drawn from healthy female volunteers and the above parameters measured. LDL-cholesterol, apoB and the electrophoretic mobility of LDL particles were elevated with increasing ferritin concentrations. Both modified or oxidized LDL and elevated LDL concentration are regarded as risks for atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease, suggesting that higher body iron is important in this process. |
| Influence of fever on total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in childhood Sanchez Bayle, M., M. A. Arias Alvarez, et al. (2000), Acta Paediatr 89(3): 367-8. |
| Influence of fish consumption on the distribution of serum cholesterol in lipoprotein fractions: comparative study among fish-consuming and non-fish-consuming populations Bulliyya, G. (2002), Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 11(2): 104-11. Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate serum lipoprotein levels in order to assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors between fish-consuming populations and non-fish-consuming populations, as it has been speculated that fish intake reduces CVD risk. A representative sample of one thousand subjects (529 men and 471 women) were selected, with ages ranging from 20 to 70 years, from 40 villages belonging to fish-consuming (500) or non-fish-consuming (500) populations. Serum lipoprotein lipids such as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were analysed biochemically using standard procedures. The ratios of TC: HDL-C and LDL-C: HDL-C were computed. Mean values of serum LDL-C and the ratios of LDL-C: HDL-C and TC: HDL-C were significantly lower and HDL-C levels were higher in fish-consumers than in non-fish-consumers. The concentrations of HDL-C decreased with increasing age, while the reverse was true for LDL-C and for the LDL-C: HDL-C and TC: HDL-C ratios. There were significant sex differences for certain age groups in both of the population groups. The 5th, 50th and 95th percentile cut-off values for these parameters were lower in fish-consumers than in non-fish-consumers. The prevalence of individuals at risk of CVD because of low HDL-C (<35 mg/dL), high LDL-C (>130 mg/dL) and their atherogenic ratios (LDL-C: HDL-C >3.5 and TC: HDL-C>4.5) was significantly greater in non-fish-consumers. This study highlights that the fish-consuming population had a lower atherogenic risk than the non-fish-consuming population. The intake of fish may have substantial implications for public health and health economy by decreasing the risk of CVD. However, more studies are warranted to better define the mechanisms of cardioprotection by dietary fish and fish oils. |