| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Low serum cholesterol and cerebral hemorrhage in young people Cao, G. F., Q. D. Yang, et al. (2004), Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 25(6): 546-7. |
| Low serum cholesterol and death due to accidents, violence, or suicide Epstein, F. H. (1993), Lancet 341(8853): 1150. |
| Low serum cholesterol and death due to accidents, violence, or suicide Schuit, A. J., J. M. Dekker, et al. (1993), Lancet 341(8848): 827. |
| Low serum cholesterol and depression Dursun, S. M., J. G. Burke, et al. (1994), Bmj 309(6949): 273-4. |
| Low serum cholesterol and haemorrhagic stroke in men: Korea Medical Insurance Corporation Study Suh, I., S. H. Jee, et al. (2001), Lancet 357(9260): 922-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In some prospective studies, haemorrhagic stroke occurs more frequently in individuals with low serum cholesterol than in those with higher concentrations. We aimed to determine whether low total serum cholesterol is an independent risk factor for haemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage) in South Korea, a country that has a population with relatively low concentrations of total serum cholesterol. METHODS: We measured total serum cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors in 114,793 Korean men, aged between 35-59 years in 1990 and 1992, in a prospective observational study. We used data obtained in 1992 for smoking and alcohol consumption. We divided total serum cholesterol into quintiles (<4.31 mmol/L, 4.31-<4.74, 4.74-<5.16, 5.16-<5.69 and > or = 5.69). Our primary outcomes were hospital admissions and deaths from intracerebral and subarachnoid haemorrhage in a 6 year follow-up between 1993 and 1998. FINDINGS: 528 men had a haemorrhagic stroke--372 intracerebral and 98 subarachnoid haemorrhage--and 58 were unspecified strokes. The relative risks of intracerebral haemorrhage in each quintile of total serum cholesterol (lowest to highest were: 1.22 (95% CI 0.88-1.69); 0.86 (0.60-1.21); 1.08 (0.78-1.48); and 1.03 (0.75-1.41). The corresponding relative risks for subarachnoid haemorrhage were: 1.44 (0.76-2.73); 1.13 (0.59-2.20); 1.21 (0.64-2.29); and 1.12 (0.59-2.14). INTERPRETATION: Low total serum cholesterol is not an independent risk factor for either intracerebral or subarachnoid haemorrhagic stroke in Korean men. |
| Low serum cholesterol and mortality. Which is the cause and which is the effect? Iribarren, C., D. M. Reed, et al. (1995), Circulation 92(9): 2396-403. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported an association between a low or lowered blood total cholesterol (TC) level and subsequent nonatherosclerotic disease incidence or death. The question of whether low TC is a true risk factor or alternatively a consequence of occult disease at the time of TC measurement remains unsettled. To shed new light onto this problem, we analyzed TC change over a 6- year period (from exam 1 in 1965 through 1968 to exam 3 in 1971 through 1974) in relation to subsequent 16-year mortality in a cohort of Japanese American men. METHODS AND RESULTS: The study was based on 5941 men 45 to 68 years of age without prior history of coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, or gastrointestinal-liver disease at exam 1 who also participated in exam 3 of the Honolulu Heart Program. The association of TC change with mortality end points was investigated with two different approaches (continuous and categorical TC change) with standard survival analysis techniques. Falling TC level was accompanied by a subsequent increased risk of death caused by some cancers (hemopoietic, esophageal, and prostate), noncardiovascular noncancer causes (particularly liver disease), and all causes. The risk-factor-adjusted rate of all-cause mortality was 30% higher (relative risk, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.59) among persons with a decline from middle (180 to 239 mg/dL) to low (< 180 mg/dL) TC than in persons remaining at a stable middle level. By contrast, there was no significant increase in all-cause mortality risk among cohort men with stable low TC levels. Nonillness mortality (deaths caused by trauma and suicide) was not related to either TC change or the average of TC levels in exams 1 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: These results add strength to the reverse-causality proposition that catabolic diseases cause TC to decrease. |
| Low serum cholesterol and risk of death from AIDS Neaton, J. D. and D. N. Wentworth (1997), Aids 11(7): 929-30. |
| Low serum cholesterol and serotonin metabolism. Other studies have been done in humans and monkeys Golomb, B. A. (1996), Bmj 312(7041): 1299. |
| Low serum cholesterol and serotonin metabolism. Results may have been affected by confounding Pijl, H., A. C. Toornvliet, et al. (1996), Bmj 312(7041): 1298; author reply 1299. |
| Low serum cholesterol and serotonin metabolism. Risk of depression is higher in elderly patients with lowest serum cholesterol values Rozzini, R., B. Bertozzi, et al. (1996), Bmj 312(7041): 1298-9; author reply 1299. |
| Low serum cholesterol and serotonin receptor subtypes Dursun, S. M. and M. A. Reveley (1993), Br J Psychiatry 163: 417-8. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicidal behavior Kunugi, H. (2001), Nippon Rinsho 59(8): 1599-604. Abstract: An increasing number of studies have shown that low serum cholesterol levels are associated with a risk of suicidal, violent, and impulsive behaviors. This article reviewed the literature on this possible association. Several randomized controlled trials of lowering cholesterol interventions did not reduce total mortality in spite of reduced mortality due to coronary heart disease. This is partly attributable to an increased mortality rate of death due to suicide or accidents among individuals with lowered serum cholesterol. Cohort studies have shown that individuals with low serum cholesterol levels are more likely to present depressive symptoms and suicidal acts in later years than those with higher cholesterol levels. Many studies comparing suicidal and control subjects have found an association between low serum cholesterol and suicidal behavior. Although contradictive results are also reported, further studies are warranted to conclude the possible relationship between low or lowering serum cholesterol and suicidal behavior. Clinicians should be aware of potential effects of lowering cholesterol interventions on behavioral symptoms. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Barradas, M. A., D. P. Mikhailidis, et al. (1992), Lancet 339(8802): 1168. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Brunner, E., G. D. Smith, et al. (1992), Lancet 339(8799): 1001-2. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Coulter, F., F. M. Corrigan, et al. (1993), Br J Psychiatry 163: 696-7. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Engelberg, H. (1992), Lancet 339(8795): 727-9. Abstract: Primary prevention trials which have shown that the lowering of serum cholesterol concentrations in middle-aged subjects by diet, drugs, or both leads to a decrease in coronary heart disease have also reported an increase in deaths due to suicide or violence. There has been no adequate explanation for this association. I have reviewed the relevant published work and describe a physiological mechanism that might account for this curious finding. One of the functions of serotonin in the central nervous system is the suppression of harmful behavioural impulses. When mouse brain synaptosomal membrane cholesterol is increased there is a pronounced increase in the number of serotonin receptors. Low membrane cholesterol decreases the number of serotonin receptors. Since membrane cholesterol exchanges freely with cholesterol in the surrounding medium, a lowered serum cholesterol concentration may contribute to a decrease in brain serotonin, with poorer suppression of aggressive behaviour. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Hawthon, K., P. Cowen, et al. (1993), Br J Psychiatry 162: 818-25. Abstract: "Primary prevention trials which have shown that the lowering of serum cholesterol concentrations in middle-aged subjects by diet, drugs, or both leads to a decrease in coronary heart disease have also reported an increase in deaths due to suicide or violence. There has been no adequate explanation for this association. I have reviewed the relevant published work and describe a physiological mechanism that might account for this curious finding. One of the functions of serotonin in the central nervous system is the suppression of harmful behaviour impulses. When mouse brain synaptosomal membrane cholesterol is increased there is a pronounced increase in the number of serotonin receptors. Low membrane cholesterol decreases the number of serotonin receptors. Since membrane cholesterol exchanges freely with cholesterol in the surrounding medium, a lowered serum cholesterol concentration may contribute to a decrease in brain serotonin, with poorer suppression of aggressive behaviour". |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Salter, M. (1992), Lancet 339(8802): 1169. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide Severs, N. J. (1992), Lancet 339(8799): 1001. |
| Low serum cholesterol and suicide attempts Takei, N., H. Kunugi, et al. (1994), Br J Psychiatry 164(5): 702-3. |