| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Reduced level of serum cholesterol in low protein-fed Wistar rats administered gossypol and chloroquine Nwoha, P. U. and T. A. Aire (1995), Contraception 52(4): 261-5. Abstract: Gossypol and chloroquine were administered in goya oil and distilled water, respectively, to low protein-fed (LP) and normal protein-fed (NP, control) adult male albino Wistar rats for 4 and 8 weeks' duration. Gossypol (GP) and chloroquine (CQ) were administered separately and in combination (GPCQ). At the end of the treatment periods, the rats were anesthetized and blood drawn by cardiac puncture, centrifuged, and sera obtained for assay of total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. The data obtained were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. The results showed that the interaction of GP and CQ in LP and NP-fed rats produced significant effects (P<0.001) on the serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Serum cholesterol level was lower at 8 than at 4 weeks in LP-fed rats but higher at 8 than at 4 weeks in LP fed rats. The administration of GP, CQ, and GPCQ resulted in lower serum cholesterol and triglycerides at 8 than at 4 weeks in LP fed rats but higher serum cholesterol at 4 than at 8 weeks in NP-fed rats. In LP and NP-fed rats, the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides were generally lower in GCPQ-treated than GP- or CQ-treated rats. The implications of the findings are discussed. |
| Reduced levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients are not related to apolipoprotein E4 Mulder, M., R. Ravid, et al. (1998), Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 12(3): 198-203. Abstract: Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) has been identified as a major risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD). Previously it has been reported that levels of apoE are reduced in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of AD patients. Because it is known that apoE4 affects plasma lipid metabolism, we examined whether the presence of apoE4 might correlate with an altered lipid metabolism in the CSF of control subjects and AD patients. ApoE and lipid concentrations were determined in postmortem ventricular CSF of 30 neuropathologically confirmed AD cases and 31 age-matched control patients. ApoE genotyping was performed on frozen brain tissue of the same patients. In line with other reports, we found an increased APOE*4 allele frequency in the AD group (0.461) when compared with the control group (0.225). ApoE levels in CSF of AD patients were not significantly reduced when compared with the controls (mean +/-SD: 63+/-55 and 82+/-62 microg/dL for AD and controls, respectively). However, in the CSF of AD patients levels of free and esterified cholesterol (0.13+/-0.09 and 0.25+/-0.19 mg/dL, and 0.25+/-0.19 and 0.42+/-0.34, respectively), phospholipids (0.2+/-0.1 and 3.5+/-5.0 mg/dL) and, suprisingly, also fatty acids (4.5+/-3.2 and 28.0+/-18.5 micromol/L) were found to be significantly reduced. After correction for age, sex, postmortem delay, and pH the levels of phospholipids, fatty acids, and free cholesterol were still significantly reduced (p = 0.021, p = 0.026, andp = 0.012, respectively). The apoE and lipid levels in CSF of AD-and control patients appeared not to be affected by the number of APOE*4 alleles. In conclusion, our results suggest an altered lipid homeostasis in the brain of AD patients that is not related to the presence of apoE4. It is, therefore, unlikely that an effect of apoE4 on brain lipid metabolism is the underlying mechanism behind the role of apoE4 in the development of AD. |
| Reduced low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol causing low serum cholesterol levels in gastrointestinal cancer: a case control study Tomiki, Y., S. Suda, et al. (2004), J Exp Clin Cancer Res 23(2): 233-40. Abstract: Several epidemiological studies suggested an inverse relation between serum cholesterol level and cancer mortality. We analyzed the relation between gastrointestinal cancers and serum cholesterol levels. A total of 631 patients were recruited as cancer-bearing cases, comprising 181 esophageal cancers, 251 gastric cancers and 199 colorectal cancers. A case-control analysis was conducted on the serum TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG levels. TC and LDL-C were significantly lower in cancer-bearers by approximately 15 mg/dl. Furthermore, analyses by cancer site also showed significantly lower TC and LDL-C levels in cancer-bearers than in controls for all three sites. In this analysis, early stage cancer-bearers showed a significant decrease in TC levels by approximately 11 mg/dl compared with controls, and also a similar decrease in LDL-C levels. These results suggest that low TC levels are not related to cancer stage. Furthermore, findings of no significant differences in HDL-C and TG between cancer-bearing cases and controls in addition to a specific decrease in LDL-C in cancer-bearers suggest that hypocholesterolemia observed in these cases stems from low LDL-C. However, cancer-bearers and controls showed a similar distribution of TC and LDL-C levels. We should be aware that latent cancer bearers may be present among subjects with hypocholesterolemia. |
| Reduced plasma cholesterol and increased fecal sterol loss in multidrug resistance gene 2 P-glycoprotein-deficient mice Voshol, P. J., R. Havinga, et al. (1998), Gastroenterology 114(5): 1024-34. Abstract: BACKGROUND & AIMS: mdr2 P-glycoprotein (Pgp) deficiency in mice leads to the absence of biliary phospholipids and cholesterol in the presence of normal bile salt secretion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the biliary pathway in cholesterol homeostasis by determining the effects of mdr2 Pgp deficiency on hepatic and plasma lipid levels and cholesterol kinetics in chow-fed mice. METHODS: Hepatic lipid content, enzyme activities, plasma lipoprotein levels, and fecal sterol excretion were measured in wild-type (+/+) and mdr2 Pgp-deficient (-/-) mice. Cholesterol kinetics were determined using radiotracer techniques. RESULTS: No differences in hepatic lipid content were observed between (-/-) and (+/+) mice. Plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels were strongly reduced in (-/-) mice compared with controls, whereas the apolipoprotein B contents of very-low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein were increased. Hepatic activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase was threefold greater in (-/-) mice than in controls; however, compartmental analysis of plasma cholesterol decay showed no differences in cholesterol synthesis between (-/-) and (+/+) mice. A dual isotope approach for estimating cholesterol absorption yielded approximately 50% lower values in (-/-) mice than in controls. Surprisingly, (-/-) mice showed a fourfold increase in fecal neutral sterol secretion. CONCLUSIONS: This study unequivocally establishes the important direct role of biliary lipids in the regulation of plasma lipid levels in mice. |
| Reduced plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein in laying hens without concomitant reduction of egg cholesterol in response to dietary sorbose Beyer, R. S. and L. S. Jensen (1993), Poult Sci 72(1): 88-97. Abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of sorbose on feed consumption, egg production and size, and cholesterol metabolism of laying hens. In Experiment 1, 87-wk-old laying hens (10 per treatment) were fed diets containing 0, 10, or 20% sorbose for 4 wk. In a second experiment, 108-wk-old laying hens (eight per treatment) were fed a control diet, a diet with 10% added sorbose, or the control diet with intake restricted to the level of sorbose-treated hens for 4 wk. Feed consumption and egg production were recorded daily. Plasma and egg cholesterol levels were determined at 0, 2, and 4 wk. Plasma and egg very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations were determined after 4 wk. Egg production, feed intake, and body weight gain were significantly reduced by dietary sorbose. Egg and yolk weight and percentage yolk decreased in response to sorbose. Sorbose significantly reduced plasma cholesterol and VLDL by approximately 50%, compared with the hens fed a control diet. Egg cholesterol concentration (milligrams per gram of yolk) was significantly increased, although the reduction in yolk size resulted in similar total egg cholesterol (milligrams per egg). Restricting feed intake of laying hens significantly lowered plasma cholesterol, but not to levels comparable to that of sorbose-treated hens. The data indicate that substantial reduction of plasma cholesterol and VLDL by dietary sorbose was not accompanied by reduced egg cholesterol. |
| Reduced prevalence of dementia in patients treated with antilipemic agents. An overview of cholesterol metabolism in the brain and actions Carlson, L. A. and B. Winblad (2001), Lakartidningen 98(36): 3795-7. |
| Reduced pulmonary artery vasoconstriction in methacholine in cholesterol-fed rabbits Pfister, S. L. and W. B. Campbell (1996), Hypertension 27(3 Pt 2): 804-10. Abstract: Alterations in vascular tone are well documented in hypercholesterolemia, yet little is known about the role of dietary cholesterol in endothelium-dependent contractions of pulmonary arteries. Methacholine and arachidonic acid cause endothelium-dependent contractions in normal rabbit pulmonary artery that are mediated by thromboxane A2. We tested the effect of these agonists on pulmonary arteries from rabbits fed standard rabbit chow or chow supplemented with 2% cholesterol for 2 weeks. Arachidonic acid-induced contractions did not differ in the groups. However, methacholine-induced contractions were significantly depressed in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Vascular thromboxane A2 production was similar in normal and cholesterol-fed rabbits. Pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor nitro-L-arginine had no effect on contractions observed with methacholine in normal rabbits but enhanced methacholine-induced contractions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. In norepinephrine-precontracted vessels, methacholine caused a small relaxation response in normal rabbits. In contrast, in cholesterol-fed rabbits, methacholine produced enhanced relaxations, suggesting that cholesterol feeding augments relaxations and decreases contractions by increasing nitric oxide. However, nitric oxide synthase activity in pulmonary arteries from cholesterol-fed and normal rabbits was not different between the two groups. In an additional experiment, the calcium-dependent potassium channel blocker charybdotoxin had little effect on methacholine-induced contractions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. In summary, the present study demonstrates that hypercholesterolemia alters pulmonary artery vascular contractions and relaxations to methacholine. This effect is not mediated by a decreased production of thromboxane A2 or by an increased production of nitric oxide. Although the mechanisms mediating the altered vascular responses is still unknown, the results from this study clearly indicate that the regulation of vascular tone is different in normal and hypercholesterolemic vessels. |
| Reduced serum cholesterol with dietary change using fat-modified and oat bran supplemented diets Demark-Wahnefried, W., J. Bowering, et al. (1990), J Am Diet Assoc 90(2): 223-9. Abstract: A low-fat, low-cholesterol diet and oat bran supplementation for treatment of hypercholesterolemia were studied for their effectiveness in lowering blood lipids and their impact on dietary intake. Seventy-one free-living men and women with hypercholesterolemia (serum cholesterol greater than 75th percentile) were randomly assigned to one of the following four groups: low-fat, low-cholesterol diet (LFLC); low-fat, low-cholesterol diet plus 50 gm/day oat bran (LFLC + OB); 50 gm/day oat bran supplemented diet (OB); or 42.5 gm/day processed oat bran (ready-to-eat cereal containing beta-glucan concentrated from oat bran) (POB). Subjects assigned to regimens OB and POB were requested to add the oat supplement without making additional changes in their diet. Serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol analyses were performed at 4-week intervals, and diet records were assigned and analyzed. All groups experienced significant decreases in cholesterol from original levels (p less than.05). The average decrease in total serum cholesterol varied from 10% to 17%, with no significant differences among the four groups. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations decreased in all groups except group 4, in which there was a slight increase; however, no differences were found between groups. Energy, fat, and cholesterol intakes decreased in all groups, suggesting that displacement of higher fat foods from the diet may be one of the many mechanisms whereby oat supplements lower serum cholesterol. In addition, all groups reduced their intakes of calcium, copper, folic acid, and potassium from marginal levels at the beginning of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Reduced serum lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity and cholesteryl ester concentration in calves experimentally inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica and bovine herpes virus-1 Nakagawa, H. and N. Katoh (1999), J Vet Med Sci 61(10): 1101-6. Abstract: Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), the enzyme responsible for esterification of cholesterol in plasma, is reported to be implicated in the regulation of inflammation in laboratory animals. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the possible relevance of LCAT in the pathogenesis of calf pneumonia induced by inoculations of Pasteurella haemolytica and bovine herpes virus-1 into the calf lung. Serum LCAT activity was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced in calves inoculated with Pasteurella haemolytica. The concentration of cholesteryl esters (CE), the product of the LCAT reaction, was also decreased in the inoculated group. Decreases in LCAT activity and the CE concentration were similarly observed in calves in which bovine herpes virus-1 was inoculated. In both bacteria- and virus-inoculated calves, CE concentrations in the high-density lipoprotein fractions were distinctly decreased, whereas those in the low-density lipoprotein fractions were practically unaltered. The acute-phase proteins haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were detected in sera from the bacteria- and virus-inoculated calves; however, the two acute-phase proteins were also found in sera from the control calves. These results suggest that decreases in LCAT activity and the CE concentration are involved in the pathogenesis of pneumonia induced by inoculation of calves with Pasteurella haemolytica and bovine herpes virus-1, and also that the change in the LCAT system is more intimately related to the occurrence of calf pneumonia than the induction of acute-phase proteins such as haptoglobin. |
| Reduced structural and functional skin capillaries in familial combined hyperlipidemia affected men, associated with increased remnant-like lipoprotein cholesterol levels Keulen, E. T., N. C. Schaper, et al. (2002), Atherosclerosis 163(2): 355-62. Abstract: We determined whether abnormalities in the number of basal (BC) and post-occlusive (POC) capillaries are present in familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), and investigated the possible relationship of BC and POC with lipids, remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP-C), blood pressure, and insulin resistance. Fifty age-matched subjects, 23 (12 men) hyperlipidemic, normotensive FCHL subjects and 27 (14 men) healthy controls participated in this study. Capillary density was measured just above the finger nailfold, before and after 4 min of arterial occlusion. The number of BC and POC were significantly lower in FCHL men compared with healthy men, 113.7+/-15.1 versus 132.0+/-18.0 (P=0.02) and 123+/-19.1 versus 142.3+/-18.3 (P=0.03), respectively. No differences were found between FCHL women and control women. In univariate analyses in FCHL men, BC was inversely correlated with total cholesterol (r=-0.63; P=0.05). POC tended to be inversely correlated with total cholesterol (r=-0.62; P=0.056). No univariate correlations (P>0.3) were observed between BC or POC and blood pressure or insulin resistance. Multivariate analyses revealed that logRLP-C was the only significant independent contributor to BC and POC. This is the first description of a reduction in skin capillaries in FCHL men, which was associated with increased atherogenic lipoprotein levels. Loss of capillary surface may be important in the pathophysiology or can result from adaptation to the hyperlipidemia in FCHL. |
| Reduced sympathetic noradrenergic neurotransmission in the tail artery of Donryu rats fed with high cholesterol-supplemented diet Karoon, P. and G. Burnstock (1998), Br J Pharmacol 123(5): 1016-21. Abstract: 1. Sympathetic neurotransmission and noradrenaline content of the tail artery of Donryu rats fed for 2 months with a cholesterol-supplemented diet enriched with 4% cholesterol, 1% cholic acid, 0.5% thiouracil (CCT), were examined. 2. Total serum cholesterol level of CCT fed rats (7.05 +/- 1.77 mg ml(-1), n = 8) was significantly greater than lab-chow fed controls (2.58 +/- 0.32 mg ml(-1), n = 8). Low density lipoprotein level was also significantly increased in CCT-fed (1.79 +/- 0.26 mg ml(-1), n = 8) compared with control fed rats (1.35 +/- 0.25 mg ml(-1), n = 8) but plasma levels of triglyceride and high density lipoproteins did not differ significantly between the two groups. 3. Contractile responses of the arterial rings to transmural nerve stimulation (65 V, 0.1 ms, 4-64 Hz, 1 s), were markedly attenuated in the CCT fed animals compared with the controls. This reduction involved the noradrenergic rather than purinergic component of sympathetic transmission. 4. Vasoconstrictor responses to exogenous noradrenaline (0.01-300 microM) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (0.3-1000 microM) were unaffected by CCT diet, indicating prejunctional alteration of sympathetic neurotransmission during CCT-induced hyperlipidaemia. 5. The noradrenaline content of the tail arteries of CCT fed animals (2.64 +/- 0.36 ng mg(-1), n = 6) was significantly lower than that of controls (3.82 +/- 0.32 ng mg(-1), n = 6). 6. These findings show that chronic treatment of Donryu rats with a cholesterol-supplemented diet led to altered levels of circulating lipid fractions accompanied by attenuated sympathetic noradrenergic neurotransmission and reduced noradrenaline content of the rat tail artery. |
| Reducing blood cholesterol levels in children. What have we learned from the DISC study? Luepker, R. V. (1995), Jama 273(18): 1461-2. |
| Reducing blood cholesterol: dietitian or diet fact sheet? Amos, B. J. (1990), Med J Aust 152(3): 168. |
| Reducing cholesterol and atherosclerosis Hornung, R. S. (2002), Qjm 95(6): 339-41. |
| Reducing cholesterol and atherosclerosis: the importance of cellular adhesion molecules? Miller, M. A. and F. P. Cappuccio (2002), Qjm 95(10): 707-8. |
| Reducing cholesterol by diet for dialysis patients Littlefield, D. (1998), J Ren Nutr 8(3): 160-1. |
| Reducing low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels by apheresis Reiber, I. and A. Gogl (1994), Orv Hetil 135(11): 563-8. Abstract: The predominate number of homozygote familial hypercholesterolemic and approximately 20% of heterozygotes are resistant to low cholesterol diet and lipid lowering pharmacological treatment even in combination of 2 or more drugs. In such cases, the selective lipoprotein apheresis has become a promising alternative and indicated absolute (homozygotes) or relative (heterozygotes). The combination of low density lipoprotein apheresis, together with diet and drugs, should allow a maximal lowering of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (-60-70%). Besides low density lipoprotein, various apheresis procedures may also eliminate other potentially atherogenic factors, such as lipoprotein(a) and fibrinogen and acutely improve the haemo-rheological status of the patient. The authors review several lipoprotein apheresis procedures with varying degrees of selectivity, those have and furthermore analysis the advantages and disadvantages and cost of each procedure. |
| Reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in an ambulatory care system. Results of a multidisciplinary collaborative practice lipid clinic compared with traditional physician-based care Shaffer, J. and L. F. Wexler (1995), Arch Intern Med 155(21): 2330-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The Cincinnati (Ohio) Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Lipid Clinic was established as a collaborative practice to treat patients with substantially elevated serum cholesterol levels referred from the General Internal Medicine Clinic. The Lipid Clinic team (led by a clinical nurse), included a clinical pharmacist, nurse practitioner, dietitian, and clinical psychologist. A consultant cardiologist reviewed all laboratory tests and confirmed therapeutic decisions at a weekly preclinic meeting. OBJECTIVE: To compare the success of a limited term of treatment in the Lipid Clinic with that of standard physician-based care in the General Internal Medicine Clinic in achieving the goals recommended by the National Cholesterol Education Program 1 for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. METHODS: A convenience sample of age-matched patients with total cholesterol levels greater than 6.85 mmol/L (265 mg/dL) was selected from each clinic (Lipid Clinic, n = 60; General Internal Medicine Clinic, n = 60). Fasting lipid profiles were drawn in the free-living state and in the sitting position, and matched by month. Treatment of patients in the Lipid Clinic group consisted of evaluation and treatment of secondary causes of hyperlipidemia, goal setting, and treatment according to the National Cholesterol Education Program I algorithm. Counseling and education were individualized. Outcomes were determined after four visits (12 and 18 months for the Lipid Clinic and General Internal Medicine Clinic groups, respectively). Patients in the two groups had comparable risk factors, including presence of coronary heart disease. RESULTS: After four clinic visits, patients in the Lipid Clinic group were four times more likely to reach a National Cholesterol Education Program I goal of a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level less than 3.36 mmol/L (130 mg/dL) than were comparable patients in the General Internal Medicine Clinic group (relative risk, 4.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 12.7; P <.001). CONCLUSION: These results support multidisciplinary, goal-oriented collaborative practice as an efficacious model of preventive medicine and health care provision. |
| Reducing serum cholesterol. Confusion remains over whom to treat Weetman, D. F. (1993), Bmj 307(6896): 125. |
| Reducing serum cholesterol. Lower cholesterol of doubtful benefit to anyone Ravnskov, U. (1993), Bmj 307(6896): 125. |