| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Serum cholesterol and perception of anger and sadness Guggenheim, C. B. and H. G. Foster, Jr. (1995), Psychol Rep 77(3 Pt 2): 1343-5. Abstract: Analysis of cholesterol levels in 34 forensic patients indicated significant associations with measures of the patients' perceptions of the emotional content in auditory stimuli. In particular, patients with low cholesterol showed hypersensitivity in the detection of anger and sadness. The authors hypothesize the involvement of serotonin in the hypersensitivity effects. Organicity and age were ruled out as contributing factors. |
| Serum cholesterol and psychological distress in hospitalized depressed patients Borgherini, G., S. Dorz, et al. (2002), Acta Psychiatr Scand 105(2): 149-52. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between total serum cholesterol and various psychosocial variables in depressed in-patients. METHOD: One hundred and eighty-six patients had their total fasting serum cholesterol assessed following admission; psychiatric diagnoses were obtained with the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID) interview. Psychopathology was measured with a clinician rated scale Montgomery and Asberg Depressive Rating Scale (MADRS) and a self-rating scale Symptom checklist-90 (SCL-90). RESULTS: Univariate analyses showed lower total serum cholesterol levels being correlated with higher scores in several psychopathological areas. Multivariate analyses indicated that male gender, lower age and higher MADRS scores were the most predictive variables for lower cholesterol levels. CONCLUSION: The data suggest, in this depressed population, an association between serum cholesterol and depressive symptoms. What is the cause and what is its effect is not possible to say from this cross-sectional study. |
| Serum cholesterol and risk of ischemic stroke: results of a case-control study. On behalf of PROGETTO 3A Investigators Di Mascio, R., R. Marchioli, et al. (1995), Prev Med 24(2): 128-33. Abstract: BACKGROUND: While a positive relation between serum cholesterol and the risk of myocardial infarction has been consistently reported, the association between serum cholesterol and the risk of ischemic stroke lacks consistency. To further investigate the strength of cholesterol as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke we conducted a comparative study. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted from 1990 to 1992. A network of 21 hospitals in Abruzzo, southern Italy, was created. First, computerized tomography scans confirmed ischemic stroke patients (230 with median age: 64; range: 31-69 years) and 230 sex- and age-matched controls with acute disorders unrelated to known cardiovascular risk factors. Acute myocardial infarction patients (513) and 513 matched controls were simultaneously recruited for a parallel study comparison. Total serum cholesterol concentration was measured within the first 48 hr following admission and the response to a structured questionnaire was evaluated. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) serum cholesterol level was 220.7 mg/dl (50.9) among stroke patients and 201.5 mg/dl (41.6) among controls (P < 0.0001). Compared with the lowest quintile (< 160 mg/dl), the odds ratio of ischemic stroke for patients in the highest quintile (> 240 mg/dl), after simultaneous adjustment for other potentially confounding covariates, was 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-4.8). A significant linear trend in risk was found (chi 2 1 df = 7.27, P < 0.01). Within each total serum cholesterol quintile, adjusted odds ratios for myocardial infarction were higher than that for ischemic stroke, and a stronger linear trend in risk was found (chi 2 1 df = 21.3, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirm the strong linear relationship between total serum cholesterol and the risk of myocardial infarction and suggest that, at least in our population, cholesterol seems to be an indicator of ischemic stroke risk. |
| Serum cholesterol and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in a cohort of 52 800 men and women Heliovaara, M., K. Aho, et al. (1996), Br J Rheumatol 35(3): 255-7. Abstract: Recent epidemiological studies have suggested that joint risk factors occur for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and coronary heart disease. We studied serum cholesterol concentration for its association with the incidence or RA in 28 362 men and 24 444 women free from arthritis at baseline. During a mean follow-up of 21 yr, 161 men and 351 women developed RA. Of these incident cases, 119 men and 229 women were rheumatoid factor (RF) positive. The serum cholesterol concentration was directly proportional to the risk of RF-positive RA among women and RF-negative RA among men; the age-adjusted relative risks (95% confidence intervals) per S.D. (1.4 mM/l) of the cholesterol distribution were 1.20 (1.05-1.38) and 1.56 (1.15-2.10), respectively. No association was observed, however, for RF-negative RA among women or RF-positive RA among men. The results suggest that a still unknown factor closely associated with serum cholesterol may be involved in the aetiology of RA, but complex interactions with sex and RF status seem to occur. |
| Serum cholesterol and serotonergic function in major depressive disorder Papakostas, G. I., T. Petersen, et al. (2003), Psychiatry Res 118(2): 137-45. Abstract: Studies have revealed a relationship between serum cholesterol levels and serotonergic (5HT) function in healthy young adults. Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) may have significant differences in cholesterol levels compared with healthy adults, while MDD patients with elevated cholesterol have a poorer prognosis for treatment response. The goal of the present study is to examine (1) the relationship between serum cholesterol levels and central 5HT function by way of the cortisol and prolactin response to the 5HT-selective agonist DL-fenfluramine in MDD patients and (2) differences in 5HT-function between MDD patients who present with and without elevated cholesterol. Fasting serum cholesterol levels were measured in 21 outpatients with MDD. After oral administration of 60 mg of DL-fenfluramine in these patients, cortisol and prolactin responses were measured to test whether cholesterol levels predicted the degree of cortisol or prolactin response. Cortisol and prolactin responses were compared between patients with and without elevated cholesterol levels, defined as >/=200 mg/dl. MDD patients with elevated cholesterol levels were more likely to demonstrate an attenuated cortisol response. There was no relationship between cholesterol levels and cortisol or prolactin response. Excess cholesterol may adversely affect the function of membrane-bound serotonergic structures, and this may explain why MDD patients with elevated cholesterol are more likely to exhibit attenuated neuroendocrine responses, less likely to respond to treatment and more likely to relapse. |
| Serum cholesterol and testicular cancer incidence in 45,000 men followed for 25 years Wirehn, A. B., S. Tornberg, et al. (2005), Br J Cancer 92(9): 1785-6. Abstract: In a 25-year follow-up study of 44,864 men with measured serum cholesterol levels, the testicular cancer hazard ratios for the serum cholesterol categories 5.7-6.9 and > or = 7.0 mmol l(-1) vs the reference category (<5.7 mmol l(-1)) were 1.3 and 4.5, respectively; P-value for trend=0.005. This highly significant association suggests that high-serum cholesterol is a risk factor for testicular cancer. |
| Serum cholesterol and the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ: a case-control study Elkhadrawy, T. M., H. Ahsan, et al. (1998), Eur J Cancer Prev 7(5): 393-6. Abstract: While multiple studies have investigated the association between serum cholesterol level and breast cancer, the results have generally been conflicting. No prior study has investigated its association with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast. In this hospital-based case-control study, 152 DCIS cases were compared to 242 controls (patients with benign surgical conditions). Unconditional logistic regression was used to compare the serum cholesterol levels, adjusting for relevant covariates. No statistically significant difference was observed for different quartiles of the serum cholesterol level as compared to the lowest quartile. Incidentally observed was an elevated risk for DCIS in postmenopausal versus premenopausal women, and in peri-menopausal versus premenopausal women. There is no apparent association between the serum cholesterol level and breast DCIS. |
| Serum cholesterol and treatment-resistance in schizophrenia Boston, P. F., S. M. Dursun, et al. (1996), Biol Psychiatry 40(6): 542-3. |
| Serum cholesterol and triglyceride distribution in 7767 school-aged Greek children Schulpis, K. and G. A. Karikas (1998), Pediatrics 101(5): 861-4. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To elucidate associations of age and sex with serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to provide for the first time percentile distribution data for pediatric lipids. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: A high sample of 7767 (3980 boys, 3787 girls) fasting schoolchildren, 6 to 14 years of age, were studied in Athens, Greece. RESULTS: The mean cholesterol ranged from 157 to 174 mg/dL for boys and from 158 to 172 mg/dL for girls peaking at 9 years of age for both sexes. Triglyceride levels also tended to increase gradually and to peak at 11 years of age for both sexes. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were highest at 9 years of age for both sexes and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels also tended to peak at 9 years of age for boys and at 8 years of age for girls. Atherogenic indices ranged from 1.54 to 1.68 for boys and 1. 51 to 1.85 for girls. CONCLUSION: According to these findings, it could be suggested that diet changes in the Greek population, especially in children and adolescents, living in big cities is significantly influencing their total cholesterol profiles throughout the last 10 years. |
| Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in renal allograft recipients in Taiwan Hu, R. H., P. H. Lee, et al. (1994), Transplant Proc 26(4): 2148-50. |
| Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in weight reduction program dropouts Dhurandhar, N. V. and P. R. Kulkarni (1995), Int J Food Sci Nutr 46(1): 17-20. Abstract: Dropouts of a weight reduction program are not evaluated for the lasting effects of weight reduction. This study was an attempt to learn about the benefits of weight reduction received and sustained by the dropouts of the program. Ninety-seven males and females dropping out of a dietary weight management program after 16-18 weeks of treatment, and after 9-9.4kg weight loss and wishing to rejoin the program for a second time after at least 9 months' absence from it, were considered for the study. Their body weight, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, and blood sugar levels at the beginning of the second attempt, were compared with the respective values at the beginning of the first attempt. All patients had regained the weight lost during their first attempt when they reported for a second attempt. However, serum cholesterol and triglyceride values were 15% and 26% less for females, and 17% and 24% less for males, compared to their respective values on the first attempt, in the subgroup of patients with normal blood sugar levels. In the subgroup with above normal blood sugar levels, however, serum cholesterol and triglyceride values showed an increase by 12% and 17% respectively, for females, and by 2% and 7% respectively, for males, compared to their baseline values on their first attempt. The mechanism responsible for this observation was not uncovered. However, the observation that even an incomplete attempt at weight reduction appears to contribute in maintaining lower levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride of at least those with normal blood sugar levels, is useful in nutritional counseling for emphasizing the health benefits of the weight reduction. |
| Serum cholesterol and triglycerides in postpartum beef cows and their relationship to the resumption of ovulation Guedon, L., J. Saumande, et al. (1999), Theriogenology 51(7): 1405-15. Abstract: The variations in lipid metabolism according to the physiological stage and their relationship to the resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity were assessed in Limousine beef cows fed a grass diet over 3 yr. Weekly blood samples were collected from 59 cows beginning 10 wk before to 20 wk after calving to evaluate serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and electrophoretic lipoprotein fractions. After parturition, progesterone concentrations were also measured at weekly intervals to determine time of resumption of ovulation. Cows were categorized by resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity into 3 groups: early (4 to 6 wk post partum, n = 36); mid (7 to 10 wk post partum, n = 46) and late (after 11 wk post partum, n = 38). Higher serum triglyceride values (P<0.05) were observed during the last 10 wk of pregnancy (0.36+/-0.15 g/L) than during the first 20 wk of suckling (0.29+/-0.09 g/L). Cholesterol values decreased significantly (P<0.05) at the end of pregnancy, were minimal (1.01+/-0.03 g/L) at parturition, and increased again up to 9 wk post calving. Increased cholesterolemia and low serum triglyceride values after calving could be linked to the increased bovine alpha-lipoprotein fraction and decreased beta fraction. Serum triglyceride concentrations were not related to the resumption of postpartum ovarian cyclicity. Higher serum cholesterol values were observed from 2 wk before to 4 wk after calving in cows with early rather than mid and late resumption of ovarian cyclicity. Therefore, modifications in lipid metabolism during the puerperium seem to be related to resumption of cyclicity during the early postpartum period. |
| Serum cholesterol and triglycerides: potential role in mortality prediction Kamolz, L. P., H. Andel, et al. (2003), Burns 29(8): 810-5. Abstract: The present study was performed in order to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of serial cholesterol and triglycerides measurements in patients with severe burns. One of the main objective was to find out if these parameters are clinically relevant to determine the morbidity of a burn patient and thereby the patient's outcome. In 220 patients with thermal injuries, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured daily. Blood samples were drawn immediately upon admission and thereafter daily until patient's discharge or death. For both parameters, a characteristic course was noted: in the group of non-survivors, a decrease of cholesterol prior to death was noted, while survivors, increased prior to discharge. The time courses of both groups (survivors-non-survivors) differed statistically significantly (P=0.0068). An increase in triglycerides was observed in all non-survivors prior to death, but in the group of survivors triglycerides remained more or less unchanged. These time courses also had statistically significant differences (P=0.0004). In our 220 patients, changes in cholesterol (P<0.0001, hazard ratio 1.02) and triglycerides (P=0.0008, hazard ratio 1.01) had comparable capability to predict the severity of a burn trauma and thereby its outcome than the established parameters in the treatment of burns (total body surface area burned, age, inhalation). We consider the serial measurements of cholesterol and triglycerides as clinically relevant to assess the morbidity of a patient and thereby to estimate the patient's outcome. We think that these serial measurements provide useful information for the clinician treating patients with severe burns. |
| Serum cholesterol and visuomotor speed: inverse or direct association? Black, S. L. (2005), Am J Clin Nutr 81(2): 537-8; author reply 538. |
| Serum cholesterol and vitamins A and E in juvenile chronic arthritis Honkanen, V. E., P. Pelkonen, et al. (1990), Clin Exp Rheumatol 8(2): 187-91. Abstract: Serum total cholesterol is decreased during acute infections and in adults with rheumatoid arthritis, probably partly because of enhanced lipid peroxidation. Oxidative stress also causes augmentation of inflammation and tissue damage in arthritic synovium. Therefore, concentrations of serum total cholesterol and the antioxidant vitamins A and E were studied in 125 children with juvenile chronic arthritis. Total serum cholesterol was significantly lower in the patients than in healthy children in most age groups and correlated with the markers of disease activity, haemoglobin and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. In age- and sex-adjusted stepwise multiple linear regression, serum zinc had a significant predictive value for cholesterol. The vitamin A concentrations in the sera of the patients was virtually the same as in the healthy controls, though serum vitamin E concentrations were low (22.8 +/- 15.2 vs 30.5 +/- 4.3 mumol/l, p less than 0.001). The deficiency in vitamin E was not compensated for by another lipoperoxide antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase. Only serum cholesterol had an independent explanatory significance for vitamin E in multiple linear regression analysis (partial correlation 0.554, p less than 0.001). It is suggested that low vitamin E and impairment of the anti-oxidant protection further contribute to low serum cholesterol values in JCA. |
| Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction Goldstein, M. R. (1992), Ann Intern Med 116(5): 425-6. |
| Serum cholesterol as a prognostic factor after myocardial infarction: the Framingham Study Wong, N. D., P. W. Wilson, et al. (1991), Ann Intern Med 115(9): 687-93. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the relation between serum cholesterol levels and the long-term risk for reinfarction, death from coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality in persons who recover from myocardial infarction. DESIGN: Prospective, longitudinal study. SETTING: A geographically defined population-based cohort of adults participating in the Framingham Heart Study. PATIENTS: Men (n = 260) and women (n = 114), 33 to 88 years of age (mean age, 62 years), who had a history of myocardial infarction. MEASUREMENTS: A complete physical examination, including electrocardiographic evaluation, blood pressure measurement, height and weight measurements, determination of smoking habits, and casual determinations of blood glucose and serum cholesterol, was done approximately 1 year after recovery from initial myocardial infarction. Patients were followed after infarction for the occurrence of reinfarction or death (mean follow-up, 10.5 years; range, 0.8 to 31.6 years). MAIN RESULTS: The mean cholesterol level after infarction was 5.21 mmol/L (242.8 mg/dL); 20% of patients had levels below 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), and 22% had levels of 7.11 mmol/L (275 mg/dL) or more. Compared with patients who had cholesterol levels below 5.17 mmol/L, patients with levels of 7.11 mmol/L or more were at increased risk for reinfarction (relative risk, 3.8; 95% Cl, 1.6 to 8.7), death from coronary heart disease (relative risk, 2.6; Cl, 1.4 to 4.8), and all-cause mortality (relative risk, 1.9; Cl, 1.2 to 2.9) based on multivariate Cox regression analyses adjusted for other coronary risk factors. Intermediate cholesterol levels (5.17 mmol/L to 7.11 mmol/L) were generally not associated with increased risk. The association between elevated serum cholesterol and increased risk was strongest in men; however, elevated cholesterol levels were found to be most strongly related to death from coronary disease and to all-cause mortality in persons who were 65 years of age or more. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have recovered from a myocardial infarction and who have high cholesterol levels are at an increased long-term risk for reinfarction, death from coronary heart disease, and all-cause mortality. Our results confirm the prognostic value of cholesterol levels measured after myocardial infarction and support the role of lipid management in this population. |
| Serum cholesterol binding reserve and its ratio to serum cholesterol in first degree relatives of patients with ischaemic heart disease Goyal, S. P., R. Singh, et al. (1990), J Assoc Physicians India 38(6): 395-7. Abstract: Serum total cholesterol and serum cholesterol binding reserve (SCBR) were estimated in 50 healthy subjects and 25 cases with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and their seventy asymptomatic first degree relatives. In normal subjects mean values of SCBR tended to expand with increasing levels of serum cholesterol, while this relationship was reversed in cases with IHD. The relatives showed a direct correlation between serum cholesterol and SCBR upto serum cholesterol level of 220 mg/dl, but the correlation was lost beyond this level. The critical levels for predicting risk of IHD were 30 mg/dl for SCBR and 8 for cholesterol: SCBR ratio. The latter was found to be a more sensitive index for predicting the risk of IHD as compared to SCBR alone. |
| Serum cholesterol changes from 1983-1984 to 1993-1994 in the People's Republic of China Li, Y. H., Y. Li, et al. (2002), Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 12(3): 118-26. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND AIM: Increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in the People's Republic of China (PRC) led to the 1981 establishment of the PRC-USA Study of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Epidemiology which, among other objectives, is concerned with the correlates of CVD morbidity and mortality in Chinese populations among other objectives. This report describes changes in total cholesterol (TC) levels in four PRC populations from 1983 to 1993 and identifies factors related to the changes. METHODS AND RESULTS: Population screenings carried out in 1983-1984, 1987-1988 and 1993-1994 involved the collection of demographic data, specimens (including blood), medical history and physical examination data. The data from cohort and independent samples were used to assess TC changes in urban and rural men and women over the decade, with and without adjustment for age and body mass index (BMI) changes. For Guangzhou men and women, the cohort analyses (aged 35-54 at baseline) showed increases in TC of 10-20 mg/dL after adjustment for age and changes in BMI; the independent sample analyses (aged 35-44) also showed higher average TC levels in 1993-1994 than in 1983-1984. For the Beijing cohorts, the results showed decreases in TC during the decade in men, an increase in TC in urban women and no change in rural women; the independent sample analyses indicated declines in TC for Beijing men and women. Possible reasons for the Guangzhou TC increases are economic growth, and dietary and BMI changes. The mean age-adjusted BMI significantly increased (5-10%) over the 10-year period in all of the studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: TC increased 10-20 mg/dL in Guangzhou men and women, probably as a result of socioeconomic development during the decade. The inconsistent patterns of TC changes in Beijing require further study. |
| Serum cholesterol changes in long-term survivors of liver transplantation: a comparison between cyclosporine and tacrolimus therapy Charco, R., C. Cantarell, et al. (1999), Liver Transpl Surg 5(3): 204-8. Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the long-term effect of tacrolimus and cyclosporine therapies on serum cholesterol levels in liver transplant recipients. We retrospectively studied 127 consecutive adult liver transplant recipients who survived for at least 1 year after transplantation. Basal immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine plus prednisone in 100 patients and tacrolimus plus prednisone in 27 patients. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as a fasting serum cholesterol level greater than 220 mg/dL. Mean follow-up was 39 months. No statistical significance was found between cyclosporine- and tacrolimus-treated patients regarding age, sex, diagnosis, and previous cholesterol levels; both groups were similar. Significantly more tacrolimus-treated patients were steroid free in the first and second year of follow-up (tacrolimus, 37% and 63%; cyclosporine, 13% and 32%, respectively; P <.01). In the third year of follow-up, this difference was not significant (77% v 56%). The overall incidence of hypercholesterolemia was 34.6% (44 patients). At the end of the study, hypercholesterolemia was found in 24 of 51 and 14 of 70 patients with and without steroids, respectively (P <.002). Also, mean cholesterol levels were 224 +/- 70 and 191 +/- 48 mg/dL before and after steroid withdrawal, respectively, P <.001. Hypercholesterolemia was found in 43.7% of the patients during cyclosporine plus prednisone therapy compared with 46.1% of the patients during tacrolimus plus prednisone therapy (P <.9). Greater mean cholesterol levels were found in the cyclosporine group, particularly in the second and third years of follow-up (P <.01). Hypercholesterolemia was found in 22% of the patients during cyclosporine monotherapy compared with 15% during tacrolimus monotherapy (P <.5). No differences were found in mean cholesterol levels during follow-up when both monotherapy groups were compared. In conclusion, a lower incidence of hypercholesterolemia was achieved in tacrolimus-treated patients, mainly when steroids were still part of the immunosuppressive treatment. |