| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Serum cholesterol levels in children are associated with dietary fat and fatty acid intake Nicklas, T. A., J. Dwyer, et al. (2002), J Am Diet Assoc 102(4): 511-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Recent studies in adults suggest that individual dietary fatty acids differ markedly in their effects on serum lipids and lipoprotein levels. However, these associations have rarely been studied in children. OBJECTIVE: To assess, using regression procedures, the associations in children between specific fatty acids and nonfasting serum lipids and cholesterol after controlling for total energy and total fat intake, SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 1,182 children who participated in the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health. The sample was equally distributed across 4 sites (Louisiana, Texas, Minnesota, California). The sample was 48% boys; 71% white, 15% Hispanic-American, 10% African-American, 2% Asian, and 2% from other or unspecified racial/ethnic heritage. DESIGN: In this randomized multicenter trial with 56 intervention and 40 control elementary schools, food record-assisted 24-hour dietary recalls and serum lipid measurements were collected for each child at baseline (3rd grade) and at the 5th grade follow-up. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate the association between nutrient composition of the diet and serum lipids. Independent dietary variables included amount and type of fat, individual fatty acids, protein, carbohydrate, and fiber. The dependent variables were the absolute values of serum total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) both at baseline (3rd grade) and at follow-up (5th grade). RESULTS: Increased total fat (b=0.053; P<.03) was associated with increased TC in the model when energy was held constant, whereas increased carbohydrate was associated with decreased TC (b=-0.021, P<.02) and HDL-C (b=-0.010, P<.005) levels. Increased total protein (b=0.017, P<.05) was associated with increased HDL-C when energy was held constant. Saturated fat (b=0.004, P<.04), unsaturated fat (b=0.004, P<.03), and myristic fatty acid (b=0.021, P<.01) all increased TC in the model when total fat and total energy were held constant. CONCLUSIONS/APPLICATIONS: We conclude that using a modeling approach, the effect of diet on serum lipids in children is similar to that observed in adults. Total fat and saturated fat were positively associated with TC and HDLC levels, saturated fat was positively associated with TC, and carbohydrate was inversely associated with both TC and HDL-C. In the statistical model, substitution of unsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, or oleic acid for saturated fat, while holding total fat and energy constant, slightly lowered TC. In contrast, substitution of total fat for carbohydrate in the model increased TC and, thus, did not seem to be associated with an apparent health advantage except for HDL-C elevating effects. However, consumption of individual fats tends to be highly correlated, and we were unable to determine if these biological effects were operating independently. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in college students: opportunities for education and intervention Sparling, P. B., T. K. Snow, et al. (1999), J Am Coll Health 48(3): 123-7. Abstract: Elevated serum cholesterol levels have been shown to be associated with premature atherosclerosis in adolescents and young adults. The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends cholesterol screening for all adults aged 20 years or older, but normative data on the college-age population are limited. At a university where lipid profiles are made available to students in selected health/wellness courses, the authors analyzed and summarized lipid profiles on 1,088 undergraduates. Mean total cholesterol levels were similar for men (165 +/- 33 mg/dL) and women (168 +/- 27 mg/dL). The men, however, had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol than the women. One hundred twenty-one students (11.1% of the sample) had elevated serum cholesterol levels (LDL-C > or = 130 mg/dL). Cholesterol screening can be used as an educational tool for college students to reinforce the link between lipid levels and health habits. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in mood disorders associated with physical violence or suicide attempts in Taiwanese Huang, T. L. (2001), Chang Gung Med J 24(9): 563-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many previous studies have discussed the relationships between serum cholesterol levels and depression, violence and suicide in Western countries. In this paper, the relationships between serum cholesterol levels and mood disorders, physical violence and suicide attempts in Taiwanese psychiatric inpatients were reported. METHODS: A review of medical charts over a 1-year period was carried out in a population of 213 Taiwanese psychiatric inpatients that included 61 patients with affective disorders. The collected data included age, body weight, height, and serum cholesterol levels. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the serum cholesterol levels between patients with mania and major depression, between patients with and without physical violence, or between patients who had and had not made a suicide attempt using analysis of covariance after age or body mass index adjustment. CONCLUSION: Due to the limitations of case numbers and study methods, the results need to be further clarified with larger numbers of patients and in controlled studies. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in neutropenic patients with fever Fraunberger, P., J. Hahn, et al. (2002), Clin Chem Lab Med 40(3): 304-7. Abstract: Hypocholesterolemia, which often accompanies infectious diseases has been suggested to serve as a prognostic marker in hospitalized patients. Even though patients with chemotherapy-induced leukopenia are at high risk of infection and mortality, only limited information is available on serum cholesterol levels in these patients. We therefore measured serum cholesterol levels in 17 patients with hematological malignancies during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and correlated it with clinical outcome. Patients with fever (>38.5 degrees C) showed a significant decrease in serum cholesterol levels within 24 hours. Eight days after onset of the fever non-survivors had significantly lower serum cholesterol levels (median 2.09 mmol/l, range 0.49-2.79, n=6) compared to survivors (median 3.23 mmol/l, range 1.68-4.86, n=11). Cholesterol levels in survivors returned to baseline levels at the time of discharge from the hospital. At the onset of fever, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and soluble TNF receptors p55 and p75 were elevated in all patients, but only TNF and TNF receptor p75 levels were significantly different in survivors and non-survivors. Our data suggest that a decrease in serum cholesterol levels is a prognostic marker in neutropenic patients with fever. Release of inflammatory cytokines may in part be responsible for hypocholesterolemia in these patients. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in normal subjects taking into consideration the accuracy of the measuring system Sugita, O., A. Takada, et al. (1991), Rinsho Byori 39(7): 758-64. Abstract: Serum cholesterol levels were determined in 5,843 normal subjects aged zero to seventy years. The accuracy of our assay method was checked by Standard Reference Material 909 and Certified Reference Serum, both of which were supplied by the National Bureau of Standards. Reference values of serum cholesterol were confirmed for each age group. That of male subjects in the 15-20 year age group was within a range of 109-203 mg/dl, and that of female subjects in the 20-25 year age group was within a range of 133-215 mg/dl. Therefore, among normal subjects, the above-mentioned age groups had the lowest serum cholesterol levels. Serum cholesterol levels increased with age in both male and female subjects. The upper limit of cholesterol levels was 248 mg/dl for males in the 50-60 year age group and 284 mg/dl for females in the same age group. We observed the necessity of paying consideration those changes which occur with aging, in the determination of reference values of serum cholesterol. Our findings also showed that serum cholesterol levels remained nearly constant in male subjects of all age groups over a period of 25 years. However, we found mean levels in female subjects in the 50-70 year age groups to be significantly elevated, when compared with those observed in persons in the same age group of 25 years previous. We also found that the mean cholesterol level in girls aged 12 years was higher than that of boys the same age. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenia associated with physical violence or suicide attempts in Taiwanese Huang, T. and S. Wu (2000), Psychiatry Res 96(2): 175-8. Abstract: A review of medical charts over a 1-year period was carried out in a population of 213 Taiwanese psychiatric inpatients that included 106 patients with schizophrenia. In subgroup analyses within the group of patients with schizophrenia, no significant differences in serum cholesterol levels were found between paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenic patients, between patients with and without physical violence, or between patients who had and had not made a suicide attempt. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in patients with acute rheumatic fever Panamonta, M., N. Settasatian, et al. (1993), Am J Dis Child 147(7): 732-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE--To determine abnormalities of cholesterol metabolism in children with acute rheumatic fever (ARF). DESIGN--Cross-sectional study and prospective study. SETTING--Pediatric ward of the Khon Kaen (Thailand) University Hospital. PARTICIPANTS--Forty-six confirmed patients with ARF (during the acute and recovery phases of disease), 51 siblings, and 92 age- and sex-matched control children. INTERVENTIONS--None. MEASUREMENTS/MAIN RESULTS--Serum samples of these children were studied for serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and liver function tests. No significant differences were found in mean serum total cholesterol levels (3.68 +/- 0.86 mmol/L 142.4 +/- 33.3 mg/dL vs 3.75 +/- 0.67 mmol/L 145.0 +/- 25.8 mg/dL, 3.79 +/- 0.75 mmol/L 146.4 +/- 29.0 mg/dL, and 3.80 +/- 0.59 mmol/L 146.9 +/- 23.0 mg/dL) or mean triglyceride levels (1.19 +/- 0.33 mmol/L vs 1.16 +/- 0.51, 1.12 +/- 0.37, and 1.07 +/- 0.41 mmol/L) (during ARF vs after ARF, sibling, and age- and sex-matched control children, respectively). The children with ARF had significantly lower mean levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and of albumin than did the other groups (analysis of variance, P <.0001). In the ARF group, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and albumin levels varied inversely with the clinical severity of carditis, while, in contrast, triglyceride and alkaline phosphatase levels varied with the clinical severity of carditis. CONCLUSIONS--This study confirms abnormalities of cholesterol metabolism in ARF. Hepatic dysfunction associated with the clinically detectable severity of carditis or inflammation might explain the observed differences in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels in these children. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in patients with cancer. Relationship with nutritional status Fiorenza, A. M., A. Branchi, et al. (1996), Int J Clin Lab Res 26(1): 37-42. Abstract: Epidemiological surveys indicate an inverse relationship between cancer occurrence and serum cholesterol. Low serum cholesterol might be either a risk factor for cancer or the effect of factors associated with cancer itself, such as biological properties of malignant cells, tumor mass, and poor nutritional status. We have measured serum cholesterol in 975 selected patients admitted to our hospital; 496 (272 males, 224 females) had solid tumors and 479 (253 males, 226 females) had non-neoplastic diseases. Serum cholesterol was positively correlated with body mass index, serum albumin, hemoglobin, and cholinesterase in both cancer and non-cancer subjects. Cholesterol was significantly lower in cancer patients than in age- and sex-matched non-cancer subjects. After adjustment for nutritional variables (analysis of covariance), the difference in cholesterol level between cancer and non-cancer subjects lost statistical significance in all but patients with tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract. No difference was found in adjusted mean serum cholesterol between cancer patients subdivided according to the extension of the tumor was defined by the TNM system. In patients with solid tumors, serum cholesterol seems to be more related to the nutritional status than the presence and extension of cancer. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and with GAD and comorbid major depression Kuczmierczyk, A. R., J. G. Barbee, et al. (1996), Can J Psychiatry 41(7): 465-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with GAD, as well as the effects of comorbid major depression (MD). METHOD: Predrug-trial serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were assessed in 38 patients with pure GAD and compared with those of 21 patients with mixed GAD and comorbid (MD). RESULTS: Significantly higher cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found in the GAD group. CONCLUSION: Increased noradrenergic activity may be responsible for elevations in lipid levels in patients with pure GAD. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in patients with panic disorders: a comparison with major depression and schizophrenia Yamada, K., T. Tsutsumi, et al. (1997), Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 51(1): 31-4. Abstract: Results of several long-term follow-up studies suggest that mortality due to cardiovascular diseases is high in males with panic disorder (PD). Based on these data, various studies have been undertaken to determine the relationship between PD and total cholesterol (TC) levels; however the results obtained so far have not been consistent. We compared TC levels in 46 PD patients to those in 46 sex, age, smoking and alcohol consumption matched patients with major depression and 46 matched patients with schizophrenia. The relationship between TC and the severity of PD was investigated, and before- and after-treatment TC change was compared. TC levels were significantly higher in the PD group than in the other groups, regardless of sex. The severity of PD was not correlated with TC levels. TC levels did not decrease in remitted PD patients. These findings suggest that relatively high TC levels in PD patients are attributable to endogenous disease-specific factors. Clinicians should pay close attention to the correlation between high mortality due to cardiovascular diseases and relatively high TC levels in male PD patients. |
| Serum cholesterol levels in school-aged Japanese children: the Hisayama study Fukushige, J., H. Igarashi, et al. (1996), Acta Paediatr Jpn 38(1): 22-7. Abstract: Hypercholesterolemia has been known to be an important factor in the development of atherosclelosis. Blood cholesterol screening and related health education in children, however, have not yet been widely practiced in Japan. From 1985 to 1990, blood samples were obtained from 5825 school children aged 6 to 14 years residing in Hisayama, Japan. The mean total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were determined. The mean TC levels ranged from 155 to 172 mg/dL for boys and from 156 to 170 mg/dL for girls, peaking at 9 years for both sexes. The TG levels also tended to increase gradually and to peak at 11 years for both sexes. The tendency for TG levels to be higher was much clearer than in US children and adolescents. The HDL-C levels were highest at 9 years of age for both sexes and the LDL-C levels also tended to peak at 9 years of age for boys and at 8 years of age for girls. Atherogenic Indices (TC-HDL-C)/HDL-C ranged from 1.7 to 1.9 for boys and 1.8 to 2.0 for girls. As the cholesterol level of Japanese children would be expected to rise steadily reflecting their westernized lifestyle, preventive programes on a nationwide base including health education at school environments should be emphasized. |
| Serum cholesterol levels modulate long-term efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer disease Borroni, B., C. Pettenati, et al. (2003), Neurosci Lett 343(3): 213-5. Abstract: The clinical, genetic or biological variables which regulate long-term efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) in Alzheimer disease (AD) are still unknown and it is not possible to predict who will benefit from the treatment. In this study we showed that high cholesterol levels correlated with faster decline at 1-year follow-up in AD patients on ChEIs. These findings suggest that serum cholesterol is a modulating factor of treatment response and additional therapies aimed at reducing treatable high cholesterol levels may represent an alternative strategy to improve ChEIs efficacy and slow down disease progression over time. |
| Serum cholesterol levels of nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet Holmgren, P. R. and A. C. Brown (1993), Artery 20(6): 337-45. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary cholesterol on the total blood cholesterol levels of nondiabetic and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: nondiabetic/control diet (C), streptozotocin-diabetic/control diet (D), nondiabetic/control diet + 2% cholesterol (CH), and streptozotocin-diabetic/control diet + 2% cholesterol (DH). Plasma cholesterol levels were not significantly elevated in the D group (63.4 +/- 9.0 mg/dl) when compared with the C group (71.3 +/- 3.9 mg/dl) but were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in the CH group (89.8 +/- 8.1 mg/dl). There was nearly a six-fold significant elevation (p < 0.0025) in the DH group (530.0 +/- 58.0 mg/dl) contrasted to the nondiabetic rats fed the same diet. The results of this study indicate that streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed a high cholesterol diet experience hypercholesterolemia. |
| Serum cholesterol levels, blood pressure response to stress and incidence of stable hypertension in young subjects with high normal blood pressure Borghi, C., M. Veronesi, et al. (2004), J Hypertens 22(2): 265-72. Abstract: RATIONALE: Elevated serum cholesterol levels are common in patients with high blood pressure (BP) and could contribute to the progression of the hypertensive disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum cholesterol levels affect the BP response to mental stress (MA) and the development of stable hypertension in young subjects with high normal BP. METHODS: Seventy young (age < 45 years) high normal BP subjects with elevated (> 200 mg/dl, n = 49; HC) or normal (< or = 199 mg/dl, n = 21; NC) serum cholesterol levels, and 20 normotensive normocholesterolaemic (serum cholesterol < 199 mg/dl; C) subjects undergoing standardized mental challenge (mental arithmetic) were followed up for 15 years according to a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study design conducted in an ambulatory setting. The main outcome measure was the evaluation of the 15-year incidence of stable hypertension (diastolic BP > 95 mmHg). RESULTS: After adjustment for age, resting BP, family history of high BP and body mass index at the study entry, high normal BP subjects with HC showed an enhanced BP reactivity to stress and a higher 15-year incidence of stable hypertension compared to high normal BP and NC subjects relative risk (RR) = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-5.5, P < 0.001 and controls (RR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.4-5.3, P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis of data the presence of high cholesterol levels was an independent predictor for the development of hypertension. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that subjects with high normal BP and elevated serum cholesterol might have an exaggerated cardiovascular response to stress and have an increased risk for stable hypertension that can be detected at young age. |
| Serum cholesterol methodology: 100 years of development Copeland, B. E. (1990), Ann Clin Lab Sci 20(1): 1-11. Abstract: Serum cholesterol is the third nationally recommended health screening test. It is the first test which depends upon the chemical analysis of a serum compound. Over the past 100 years, the methods of measurement and methods of standardizing these measurements have improved owing to the combined efforts of clinical research, governmental and non-governmental actions, and commercial producers. The future constancy of serum cholesterol measurement will be based on: (1) National Bureau of Standards (NBS) pure cholesterol standard, (2) NBS Definitive Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrography Method, (3) Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Lipid Laboratory Reference Method, and (4) CDC National Reference System for Serum Cholesterol. |
| Serum cholesterol of Swiss military personnel and assessment of nutrition in military service Keller, U. (1990), Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 79(38): 1079-84. Abstract: Two separate studies are reported. The first aimed at assessing the prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia in 453 military personnel who were in service in fall 1988 in a military fort. According to the risk limits of the Swiss Working Group on Lipids, the serum cholesterol values were elevated in 30% (greater than 6.5 mmol/l), in the borderline range in 31% (5.2. to 6.5 mmol/l), and only 39% had values in the ideal range (less than 5.2 mmol/l). There was a significant correlation of serum cholesterol (measured by Reflotron) with age, and the increase between age 20 and 40 was particularly remarkable (1.5 mmol/l increase). There was also a significant correlation of serum cholesterol with body weight. Only 9% of the soldiers knew their cholesterol levels before the study. One third were smokers, and 9% were hypertensive. The second aimed at analysing the consumption of food in the military service. This analysis was performed during a military service in an underground fort, where all food was controlled and known. The analysis indicated that per subject and day, 2051 kcal daily were consumed from the troup kitchen. Additional calories were consumed in the canteen (before and after the main meals) in the form of sweets, particularly as beverages. There were 1053 kcal per person and day consumed in the canteen, consisting of 39% carbohydrates, 36% fat, 15% proteins and 10% alcohol. The study demonstrates on one hand, that a significant number of military personnel demonstrates undesirably high serum cholesterol concentrations; on the other hand, the second study shows that too many calories are consumed during military service and that the foodstuff was too high in fat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| Serum cholesterol predictive equations in product development Pedersen, J. I., B. Kirkhus, et al. (2003), Eur J Med Res 8(8): 325-31. Abstract: The aim of the study was to incorporate trans fatty acids into predictive equations for serum cholesterol and compare their effects with the effects of the individual saturated fatty acids 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0. We have introduced trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil (TransV) and fish oil (TransF) into previously published equations by constrained regression analysis. Prior knowledge about the signs and ordering of existing regression coefficients were incorporated into the regression modelling by adding lower and upper bounds to the coefficients. Oleic acid (18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2, 18:3) were not sufficiently varied in the studies and the respective regression coefficients therefore set equal to those found by Yu et al. (Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:1129-39). Stearic acid (18:0) considered to be neutral was not included in the equations. The regression analyses were based on results from four controlled dietary studies with a total of 95 participants and including 10 diets differing in fatty acid composition. The analyses resulted in the following equations where the change in cholesterol is expressed in mmol/L and the change in intake of fatty acids is expressed in E%: Delta Total cholesterol = 0.01 delta(12:0) + 0.12 Delta(14:0) + 0.057 delta(16:0) + 0.039 delta(TransF) + 0.031 delta(TransV)- 0.0044 delta(18:1) - 0.017 delta(18:2, 18:3) and deltaLDL cholesterol = 0.01 delta(12:0) + 0.071 delta(14:0) + 0.047 delta(16:0) + 0.043 delta(TransF) + 0.025 delta(TransV) - 0.0044 delta(18:1) - 0.017 delta(18:2, 18:3). The test set used for validation consisted of 22 data points from seven recently published dietary studies. The equation for total cholesterol showed good prediction ability with a correlation coefficient of 0.981 between observed and predicted values. The equation has been used to reformulate margarines into "trans free" products all with more favourable effects on serum cholesterol than previous products. Also a cholesterol reducing margarine has been produced. When tested against butter in an open clinical trial among subjects with mild hypercholesterolemia the observed cholesterol-lowering effect of this margarine corresponded reasonably well with the predicted (0.77 vs. 0.64 mmol/L). We conclude that the equation has practical applicability and can be used to formulate and nutritionally optimise fat products as well as to evaluate already existing products on the market. |
| Serum cholesterol predictive equations with special emphasis on trans and saturated fatty acids. an analysis from designed controlled studies Muller, H., B. Kirkhus, et al. (2001), Lipids 36(8): 783-91. Abstract: The effects of dietary trans fatty acids on serum total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol have been evaluated by incorporating trans fatty acids into predictive equations and comparing their effects with the effects of the individual saturated fatty acids 12:0, 14:0, and 16:0. Trans fatty acids from partially hydrogenated soybean oil (TRANS V) and fish oil (TRANS F) were included in previously published equations by constrained regression analysis, allowing slight adjustments of existing coefficients. Prior knowledge about the signs and ordering of the regression coefficients was explicitly incorporated into the regression modeling by adding lower and upper bounds to the coefficients. The amounts of oleic acid (18:1) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18:2, 18:3) were not sufficiently varied in the studies, and the respective regression coefficients were therefore set equal to those found by Yu et al. Yu, S., Derr, J., Etherton, T.D., and Kris-Etherton, P.M. (1995) Plasma Cholesterol-Predictive Equations Demonstrate That Stearic Acid Is Neutral and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids Are Hypocholesterolemic, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 1129-1139. Stearic acid (18:0), considered to be neutral, was not included in the equations. The regression analyses were based on results from four controlled dietary studies with a total of 95 participants and including 10 diets differing in fatty acid composition and with 30-38% of energy (E%) as fat. The analyses resulted in the following equations, where the change in cholesterol is expressed in mmol/L and the change in intake of fatty acids is expressed in E%: delta Total cholesterol = 0.01 delta(12:0) + 0.12 delta(14:0) + 0.057 delta(16:0) + 0.039 delta(TRANS F) + 0.031 delta(TRANS V) - 0.0044 delta(18:1) - 0.017 delta(18:2, 18:3) and deltaLDL cholesterol = 0.01 delta(12:0) + 0.071 delta(14:0) + 0.047 delta(16:0) + 0.043 delta(TRANS F) + 0.025 delta(TRANS V) - 0.0044 delta(18:1) - 0.017 delta(18:2, 18:3). The regression analyses confirm previous findings that 14:0 is the most hypercholesterolemic fatty acid and indicate that trans fatty acids are less hypercholesterolemic than the saturated fatty acids 14:0 and 16:0. TRANS F may be slightly more hypercholesterolemic than TRANS V or there may be other hypercholesterolemic fatty acids in partially hydrogenated fish oil than those included in the equations. The test set used for validation consisted of 22 data points from seven recently published dietary studies. The equation for total cholesterol showed good prediction ability with a correlation coefficient of 0.981 between observed and predicted values. The equation has been used by the Norwegian food industry in reformulating margarines into more healthful products with reduced content of cholesterol-raising fatty acids. |
| Serum cholesterol profile of some Nigerian pregnant women Udoh, A. E., E. D. Ndem, et al. (1994), Acta Med Hung 50(1-2): 75-81. Abstract: A semi-longitudinal study of the cholesterol profiles at various stages of pregnancy was conducted. The study involved 49 pregnant women who showed no physical signs of obesity, were neither hypertensive nor diabetic, and had a mean age of 24.7 +/- 4.5 (mean +/- SD). The results showed a progressive increase in the serum total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels from 4.02 +/- 0.39 mmol/L (mean +/- SD) and 1.81 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively, at 3 months, to 5.59 +/- 0.51 mmol/L and 2.46 +/- 0.18 mmol/ in the ninth month of pregnancy. These represent a 39 +/- 11% and a 35 +/- 10% increase in total and HDL cholesterol, respectively, over the 3-month level. The levels of total and HDL cholesterol however decreased to 4.08 +/- 0.40 mmol/L and 1.89 +/- 0.17 mmol/L, respectively, a month after delivery. The most significant (P < 0.05) month to month increase was recorded between the 6th and the 7th month for both total and HDL cholesterol. The proportion of HDL cholesterol remained fairly constant at 43 +/- 3 to 45 +/- 4% throughout the period of pregnancy covered, and one month after delivery. This suggests a proportional increase in all lipoprotein fractions. It is concluded that the observed changes are normal physiological events. |
| Serum cholesterol profiles during treatment of obese outpatients with a very low calorie diet. Effect of initial cholesterol levels Osterman, J., T. Lin, et al. (1992), Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 16(1): 49-58. Abstract: We studied relative changes of serum cholesterol in obese patients during and after weight loss to determine if they depend on initial cholesterol levels as classified by the National Cholesterol Education Program. Three groups of obese free-living outpatients with desirable (normal) (less than 5.17 mmol/l, n = 26), borderline-high (5.17-6.18 mmol/l, n = 29), and high (greater than 6.21 mmol/l, n = 32) initial total cholesterol completed a 26-week program employing a very low calorie diet. The program involved 12 weeks of supplemented fasting, followed by 6 weeks of refeeding and then 7 weeks consumption of step 1 diet that maintained the new reduced weight. The groups were similar in initial clinical characteristics and they also lost comparable percentages of initial weights. Relative reduction in total cholesterol throughout the study was significantly larger in both borderline-high and high cholesterol groups compared to normal. In patients of borderline-high and high cholesterol groups favourable and significant reduction of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios were maintained at the end of the study. The percent decrease in total serum cholesterol at the end of the study positively correlated with the percent of weight loss in patients of the high cholesterol group. We conclude that obese hypercholesterolemic patients have favorable changes in cholesterol profile following weight loss, and that relative reduction of cholesterol levels depend on initial levels. However, specific roles of weight loss, change in diet and/or increased physical activity in observed changes in lipid profiles cannot be determined by this study. |