| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| The effect of coffee on serum cholesterol level van Dusseldorp, M. and M. B. Katan (1990), Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 134(48): 2325-7. |
| The effect of concurrent administration of isradipine on the development of fatty streaks in the cholesterol-fed rabbit: a morphometric study Skepper, J. N. and C. T. Kappagoda (1992), Atherosclerosis 96(1): 17-31. Abstract: Calcium antagonists attenuate the development of aortic lesions in cholesterol-fed rabbits. This study was undertaken to examine the influence of isradipine (dose: 0.3 mg/kg per day orally) on the histological components of these lesions in New Zealand White rabbits (age: 12 weeks, weight: 2-2.5 kg). Five groups of animals were fed standard chow with the following supplements for 3 weeks: Group 1, no supplements; Group 2, 40 g cholesterol; Group 3, 60 g cholesterol; Group 4, 40 g cholesterol + isradipine; Group 5, 60 g cholesterol + isradipine. After 3 weeks, the animals were killed and the aorta prepared for morphometry. The volume of intima/cm aorta was estimated and the volume fraction (Vv) of the intima occupied by components of the lesions was estimated by point counting. By integrating these two measurements the volume/unit length (mm3/cm) of the following components of the aorta were estimated: intima, non-cellular components, endothelial cells, myointimal cells, lipid accumulating myointimal cells and foam cells. Cholesterol feeding for 3 weeks was associated with significant increases in the volume of non-cellular components of the intima, endothelial cells, myointimal cells, lipid accumulating myointimal cells and foam cells. Administration of isradipine significantly reduced all these parameters. It is concluded that isradipine attenuates cellular hyperplasia and accumulation of non-cellular components of lesions in cholesterol fed rabbits. |
| The effect of contraceptive steroids on hepatic cholesterol metabolism in female rats (I) Kose, K., P. Dogan, et al. (1993), Biochem Mol Biol Int 30(2): 237-43. Abstract: In order to determine effects of contraceptive steroids with respect to dose, progestin type and duration of administration, on hepatic cholesterol metabolism, rats were treated with two different (ethinyl estradiol/norethisterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel) combinations orally at two different-low and high-doses and- short and long-terms. At the end of the experiments, total cholesterol and acetoacetate levels in plasma samples and HMG-CoA synthase and AcAc-CoA thiolase activities in the livers of rats were measured. In all groups, acetoacetate was found to be higher than in controls, and except in low dose- ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel treated groups, total cholesterol was also increased. In the short period treatments HMG-CoA synthase and AcAc-CoA thiolase (except in low dose-ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel group) activities were increased. But enzyme activities were either decreased or not changed in long period treatments. It is suggested that increased enzyme activities in short period treatments may increase total cholesterol levels, and that in time, these levels may lead to a suppression of enzyme activities. |
| The effect of contrasting fat diets on the cholesterol-esterifying activity of the blood plasma Akhmetov, B. S., B. N. Nikitin, et al. (1990), Vopr Pitan(1): 49-52. Abstract: The blood plasma cholesterol (CS) level increased by 170% due CS of atherogenic lipoproteins (LP) in dogs that received atherogenic rations including lamb fat (LF) (group 1) during 2 months. In dogs of group 2 that received atherogenic rations including sunflower oil (SFO), the total content of CS in the blood plasma rose only by 50%, the portion of high density LP (HDLP) decreased from 73 to 25% in both groups of animals. LF and SFO produced no effect on the plasma CS level, when the dogs did not receive excessive CS in the ration (groups 3 and 4). SFO induced reduction in the rate of the lecitin-cholesterolacyltransferase (LCAT) reaction, both in normal and excessive CS consumption. Nevertheless, the ratio free CS/CS esters was lowered that denoted the appearance in the blood of CS esters, the nature of which was not associated with the LCAT reaction. In the animals of groups 1, 2 and 3 the share of oleic acid in phosphatidylcholine of HDLP increased (in group 3 this increase was most manifest), while the portion of stearic acid significantly diminished. |
| The effect of cyclic AMP analogues on cholesterol metabolism in cultured rat hepatocytes Martinez, M. J., M. S. Lambert, et al. (1993), Biochem Soc Trans 21(4): 458S. |
| The effect of diabetes mellitus on aortic prostanoid synthesis and serum cholesterol levels in the rat fed a high cholesterol diet Myers, S. I., L. Bartula, et al. (1990), Life Sci 47(6): 587-94. Abstract: The effect of diabetes mellitus on serum cholesterol and aortic microsomal prostanoid synthesis was studied in cholesterol fed male Lewis rats. Normal, diabetic and diabetic rats treated with pancreatic islets were divided into three diet subgroups, control diet, control +2% cholesterol for 8 weeks and control +2% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. Serum glucose levels were elevated three-fold in the diabetic group compared to normal. Treatment with islets restored serum glucose to normal levels in diabetic rats. The 2% cholesterol diet did not significantly alter serum glucose levels in any of the groups. Body weights in the diabetic group were significantly lower than normal or diabetic rats treated with islets. Feeding 2% cholesterol for 16 weeks significantly increased weight in normal and islet treated diabetic rats but not in the diabetic group. Aortic microsomal prostanoid synthesis was similar in all experimental groups with 6-keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI2 metabolite) being the major product synthesized in all groups. Aortic microsomal prostanoid levels were not altered by the 2% cholesterol diet. Serum cholesterol levels increased 14-fold in the diabetic group which returned to the normal level in the diabetic animals treated with islets. These data show that diabetes does not alter aortic microsomal prostanoid levels in the rat. However, diabetes significantly increased serum cholesterol levels which were reversed by islet transplantation. |
| The effect of dibutyryl cAMP, verapamil and adrenaline on cholesterol mobilization from macrophages Dushkin, M. I., E. V. Mandrikova, et al. (1990), Farmakol Toksikol 53(4): 44-6. Abstract: The capacity of dibutyryladenosine-3':5'-cyclic phosphate (dibutyryl cAMP), verapamil and epinephrine to modulate cholesterol (CH) excretion was studied in the stored (4-14C)-CH rat macrophages. The experiments indicated that in the absence of high density lipoproteins (HDL) the addition of dibutyryl cAMP (0.2 mmol), verapamil (0.05 mmol), epinephrine (0.05 mmol) in cultured medium did not influence the excretion of the stored (4-14C)-CH from macrophages during 4, 8 and 18 hours. The addition of the drugs in the presence of HDL resulted in an increase in the excretion of (4-14C)-CH from macrophages during incubation. The data indicate that the drugs which increase the cellular concentration of cAMP can induce the mobilization of CH from macrophages in the presence of acceptors of CH. |
| The effect of dietary 7-ketocholesterol, inhibitor of sterol synthesis, on hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in rat Tamasawa, N., A. Tamasawa, et al. (1994), Biochim Biophys Acta 1214(1): 20-6. Abstract: A group of oxygenated sterols has been identified as physiological regulators of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. However, the regulatory effects of these oxysterols on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid biosynthesis, is not clearly elucidated. We administered 0.1% 7-ketocholesterol (15 mg/day), a strong inhibitor of sterol synthesis, to rats orally for 6 days. Then, the levels of accumulated oxysterols in liver microsomes and microsomal 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity were determined. The results were compared to those in the groups of rats treated with either control diet or diets containing 0.1 or 1% cholesterol, 0.1% butylated hydroxytoluene, 3% cholestyramine or 1% taurocholate. 7-Ketocholesterol feeding resulted in significant increase of both 7-ketocholesterol and 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol in microsomal fraction (449.4 +/- 36.8 and 438.2 +/- 46.8 ng/mg protein, respectively; mean +/- S.E.). Hepatic microsomal 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the rats fed 7-ketocholesterol was significantly elevated as compared with those of control rats; 44.70 +/- 5.97 vs. 16.57 +/- 2.46 pmol/min per mg protein. Addition of BHT to 7-ketocholesterol reduced the accumulation of 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, and the stimulatory effect of 7-ketocholesterol on 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was suppressed. Our results demonstrate that oxysterols do not inhibit but rather stimulate hepatic microsomal 7 alpha-hydroxylase. |
| The effect of dietary casein and soyprotein on cholesterol metabolism in hamsters Wright, S. M. and A. M. Salter (1993), Biochem Soc Trans 21(2): 155S. |
| The effect of dietary changes and intentional weight loss on high density cholesterol levels in older adults Goldman, A., J. Wylie-Rosett, et al. (1992), J Nutr Elder 12(1): 1-14. Abstract: The effect of a behaviorally-oriented program to reduce calories and increase physical activity on HDL cholesterol level was evaluated in overweight older adult subjects (n = 31). HDL cholesterol increased from 45.8 to 52.1 mg/dl (p <.0003), and total mean cholesterol increased from 238.0 to 249.5 mg/dl (p <.05). Body weight decreased from 175.0 lbs to 172.6 lbs (p <.03). Analysis of baseline and 40 week food frequency questionnaires indicated that the mean caloric intake had decreased from 1535 to 1303 kcal/day (p <.02), and total fat intake decreased by 9.8 gm/day (p <.01). Weight loss accounted for 13% of the variance in HDL cholesterol change (p <.05). Decreasing fat intake resulted in a smaller increase in HDL cholesterol (F, (1,29) = 5.91, p <.03). Our findings provide further support that a prudent approach to weight reduction can be beneficial in an older adult population. |
| The effect of dietary fish oil on the hepatic uptake and processing of chylomicron cholesterol Botham, K. M., M. Avella, et al. (1997), Biochem Soc Trans 25(4): S684. |
| The effect of dietary intervention on changes in total cholesterol, blood pressure and weight in a Cambridge study Yasmin, C. G. Mascie-Taylor, et al. (1998), Int J Clin Pract 52(4): 241-5. Abstract: The study examined the impact of dietary advice on cholesterol reduction, to see whether diet was more effective when preceded by a cholesterol estimation. A total of 635 healthy individuals aged between 40 and 60 years attended a general practice cardiovascular risk screening in 1990. All subjects had their blood pressure, body mass index and smoking history recorded, and 50% were randomised to cholesterol measurement. Two years later, all individuals were invited to participate in a follow-up screening and 356 individuals took part (158 men, 198 women). All the above estimations were undertaken in 100% of attendees. The mean total cholesterol levels and weight declined in the subjects who were given dietary advice and had their cholesterol measured, while the mean cholesterol level increased slightly in subjects who did not receive dietary advice but had their cholesterol measured. The was a significant increase in diastolic blood pressure in all patients. The figures for reported smokers decreased from 22.4% to 19.4% in men and 19.4% to 8.4% in women. The results suggest that dietary advice can achieve a sustained reduction in cholesterol levels, but may require the stimulus of a prior cholesterol estimation. |
| The effect of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on HDL cholesterol in Chukot residents vs muscovites Gerasimova, E., N. Perova, et al. (1991), Lipids 26(4): 261-5. Abstract: Native Chukot Peninsula residents, in contrast to Muscovites, consume a diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This dietary peculiarity is reflected in differences in plasma lipid and apolipoprotein contents. The Chukot residents have lower contents of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B, but higher HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels than do Muscovites. The apolipoprotein A-I levels were identical in both groups. A higher HDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein A-I ratio was determined in the coastline Chukot residents (0.52 +/- 0.01) than in Muscovites (0.43 +/- 0.01; p less than 0.01). In contrast to Muscovites, the coastline Chukot residents also had higher n-3 and lower n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid percentages in plasma and erythrocyte lipids, and lower phosphatidylcholine and higher sphingomyelin or phosphatidylethanolamine levels in HDL2b and HDL3. The higher HDL cholesterol levels in the plasma of the coastline Chukot residents appears to reflect the higher cholesterol-scavenging capacity of their HDL. We conclude from this study that the regular consumption of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by the coastline Chukot residents decreased LDL cholesterol transfer from plasma to peripheral cells, and enhanced cholesterol efflux from cellular membranes toward HDL. |
| The effect of dietary protein source on plasma cholesterol level and fecal steroid excretion in obese mice Yamashita, J. and S. Hayashi (1990), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 36(6): 545-58. Abstract: Both goldthioglucose (GTG)-treated and the genetically obese (C57BL/6J ob/ob) mice were fed semisynthetic diets containing either soy protein isolate (SPI) or casein as a protein source, or laboratory chow. In GTG-induced obese mice, the plasma cholesterol level correlated positively with their body weight. The level was highest in mice fed high-fat diet, and lowest in ones fed laboratory chow. No difference was observed between SPI and casein groups whether the diet was low-fat or high-fat. Thus, in the GTG-treated mice, SPI did not have a hypocholesterolemic effect while dietary fat had a hypercholesterolemic effect, and laboratory chow contained some component(s) which can lower the plasma cholesterol level. Both neutral and acidic steroid contents in feces of the SPI group were not different from those of the casein group, and both groups of mice excreted a smaller amount of steroids than mice fed laboratory chow. Results of essentially the same tendency were obtained with normal mice regarding the effects of SPI and casein, although the degree of hypercholesterolemia was lower in high-fat-fed normal mice than in similarly fed GTG-treated mice. These results strengthened the inverse correlation between the amount of fecal steroids and the plasma cholesterol level upon feeding various proteins, indicating that the former is one of the important factors that determine the latter. The ob/ob mice showed a marked hypercholesterolemia irrespective of the kind of diet. The amount of fecal steroids was highest in the laboratory chow group and lowest in the casein group. This indicates that some factor(s) other than fecal steroid excretion is dominantly responsible for their hypercholesterolemia. |
| The effect of dried tomato, grape and apple pomace on the cholesterol metabolism and antioxidative enzymatic system in rats with hypercholesterolemia Bobek, P., L. Ozdin, et al. (1998), Nahrung 42(5): 317-20. Abstract: The effect of dried tomato, grape and apple pomace (5% in diet) on the cholesterol levels in serum and selected organs was studied in male Wistar rats fed a cholesterol diet (0.3%) shortly after weaning. Pomace of individual fruits contained 47.2, 67.0 and 46.2 g of total dietary fiber per 100 g of dry matter for tomato, grape and apple pomace, respectively. Corresponding values for the soluble components of the fiber were 10.3, 14.7 and 26.0%. None of the tested products affected the serum cholesterol levels. Tomato and apple pomace significantly reduced cholesterol level in liver by 15% and 11%, respectively, and all tested pomace species reduced cholesterol content in heart (by 18-21%). Triacylglycerol content was affected only by tomato pomace and solely in the heart. Cholesterol absorption measured by dual-isotope ratio method, was not significantly affected by the pomace, however, all products strongly reduced (up to the half of the original value) the activity of HMG-CoA reductase in liver and increased the fractional catabolic rate of plasma cholesterol (by 60-120%). All tested pomace reduced plasma levels of conjugated dienes and tomato and grape pomace exhibited this effect also in the liver. All tested pomace reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxid dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes (by 34-56%). |
| The effect of educational approach on knowledge, attitudes and dietary habits of adults with borderline cholesterol levels Dreier, J. C. (1992), Mainlines 13(3): 22-4, 28. |
| The effect of endurance training on the relationships between sex hormone binding globulin, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, apoprotein A1 and physical fitness in pre-menopausal women with mild obesity Kumagai, S., N. Shono, et al. (1994), Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 18(4): 249-54. Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships of change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) with changes in sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), physical fitness and spontaneous dietary intake before and after endurance training. Ten pre-menopausal obese women (32 to 49 years) who had never smoked or regularly drunk alcohol participated in this study. Physical training at an intensity of lactate threshold was performed for six months at a frequency of three times per week for 60 minutes using a cycle ergometer. Together with a reduction in body weight (-4.1 kg; P < 0.05) and with increases in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max = +3.4 ml/kg/min or +0.09 l/min; P < 0.05), the training induced some changes in both plasma lipid and lipoprotein. Although the total cholesterol (total-C), triglyceride, HDL2-C and apoprotein A1 (Apo A1) levels did not change, significant increases in HDL-C and HDL3-C, and significant reductions in Apo B, total-C/HDL-C ratio and fasting insulin concentrations were found after training. SHBG levels tended to increase after endurance training, but the changes were not significant. No alteration was observed in spontaneous dietary intake after training. A significant correlation (r = 0.648) was observed between the change in VO2 max(l/min) and the change in SHBG. In addition, changes in both VO2 max(l/min) and SHBG were significantly associated with changes in HDL-C, HDL2-C and Apo A1. The changes in dietary intake did not correlate with the changes in SHBG, VO2max, HDL-C, HDL2-C and Apo A1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) |
| The effect of exercise duration on serum cholesterol and triglycerides in women Hughes, R. A., T. J. Housh, et al. (1991), Res Q Exerc Sport 62(1): 98-104. |
| The effect of exogenous factors on serum cholesterol concentrations and the possibilities for community intervention. Extremadura II Gimeno Ortiz, A., R. Jimenez Romano, et al. (1994), Rev Sanid Hig Publica (Madr) 68(4): 455-63. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The existence of factors susceptible to modification which have a bearing upon the seric concentrations of cholesterol and other lipids linked to the appearance of arteriosclerosis and coronary cardiopathy, make it advisable to study their impact in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura as a first step towards programming strategies for community measures. METHOD: A cross-section study was carried out on a random sampling of 1,060 people grouped by age and blood pressure, detecting the total concentration of cholesterol, HDL-C and triglycerides, on the one hand, and on the other the existing correlations of the variables; amount of alcohol and cigarettes consumed, obesity and overweight. RESULTS: The prevalence of hypercholesteremia (more than 240 mg/dl) is significantly higher in people with an index or corporal mass (ICM) greater than 25 (47% and 30%) among those with normal blood pressure. There is also a relationship between high cholesterol levels and excessive ingestion of alcohol and tobacco smoking in this group, with values of 59% in heavy drinkers and 46.7% in non-drinkers and an OR of 2. IC 95% (1.32-3.03). The relationship between the smoking habit and hypercholesteremia is also maintained among moderate smokers and those who smoke more than 20 cigarettes/day. OR = 2.83, IC 95% (1.19-6.7). An inverse relationship is detected between tobacco smoking and the level of HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation found between the variables included in this study and hypercholesteremia, and its significance, suggests the potential benefits that the modification of these habits through community measures would have for the Community, as part of the primary assistance within a programme for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. |
| The effect of fasting status on the determination of low-density and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Wilder, L. B., P. S. Bachorik, et al. (1995), Am J Med 99(4): 374-7. Abstract: PURPOSE: To determine the effect of a self-selected meal on concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in a screening setting and to determine the effect of using nonfasting values to classify individuals according to National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Study subjects were 115 employees who had previously participated in worksite total cholesterol screening, selected by stratified random sampling for sex and total cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, and estimated LDL-C were determined before subjects ate a self-selected breakfast and 3 and 5 hours after eating it. RESULTS: LDL-C values determined 3 and 5 hours following breakfast were approximately 7% and 2.5% lower, respectively, than fasting values. Use of 3-hour and 5-hour LDL-C determinations to classify individuals with elevated fasting levels (> or = 3.36 mmol/L) resulted in false-negative rates of 20% and 14%, respectively. Three- and 5-hour HDL-C values were approximately 4% and 1.5% lower, respectively, than fasting levels. Use of 3-hour HDL-C values to classify individuals with low fasting levels (< 0.91 mmol/L) resulted in no false-negatives, whereas 1 of 7 individuals with low fasting HDL-C was misclassified when 5-hour values were used. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the 1993 National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines that LDL-C levels should be determined only in fasting persons, and that nonfasting HDL-C values may be acceptable for screening purposes. |