| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Cholesterol is sequestered in the brains of mice with Niemann-Pick type C disease but turnover is increased Xie, C., D. K. Burns, et al. (2000), J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 59(12): 1106-17. Abstract: In Niemann-Pick Type C (NPC) disease, the concentration of cholesterol increases with age in every tissue except the brain. This study investigates whether accumulation of cholesterol might also occur within the cells of the central nervous system (CNS), but be obscured by the simultaneous loss of sterol from myelin as neurodegeneration proceeds. At birth, when there is little myelin in the CNS, the concentration of cholesterol is significantly elevated in every region of the brain in the homozygous NPC mouse. At 7 wk of age, myelination is nearly complete. In the NPC mouse, however, there is striking neurodegeneration and a reduction in both myelin protein and myelin cholesterol. Furthermore, net loss of cholesterol from the CNS is much higher in the NPC mouse than in the control animal (2.23 versus 1.37 mg/day per kg) so that the concentration of sterol in most regions of the brain is reduced. This neurodegeneration and loss of myelin cholesterol is not prevented by deletion of either the low-density lipoprotein receptor or apolipoprotein E in the NPC animal. Thus, the cholesterol sequestration seen in every organ in NPC disease also occurs in cells of the CNS and may be etiologically related to the neurodegeneration. |
| Cholesterol is still high. So what do we do now? Treatment of uncontrolled hypercholesterolaemia over a year Tobias Ferrer, J., R. Sanjuan Cortes, et al. (2002), Aten Primaria 29(3): 151-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To find the effectiveness of lipid-lowering treatment, based on normal clinical practice in primary care, on lipid control of patients with clear hypercholesterolaemia (HC). Design. Semi-experimental before-and-after intervention study. SETTING: Urban health centre. PARTICIPANTS: 187 patients known to have lipaemia, with total or LDL cCholesterol (cLDL) above 270 and 190 mg/dl, respectively.Intervention. Normal clinical practice for twelve months in nine primary care clinics. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The lipid profile and lipid-lowering treatment were recorded at the start of the study and after twelve months. Lipid control (as a function of cLDL) was evaluated as optimal, acceptable or deficient, as a function of the cardiovascular risk, following the criteria of the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society (1994). RESULTS: In 27% of cases, no visit relating to HC was recorded by the patient s doctor. The number of patients treated with lipid-lowering drugs grew from 50 to 98 (27 vs 52%, p < 0,005), fundamentally at the expense of statin treatment. After twelve months, there were significant drops in the plasma concentration of cLDL (12%, 95%CI, 9 to 15%) and in the percentage of patients with deficient control, which fell from the initial 91% to 61% (p < 0.005), although only 16% reached optimal control. CONCLUSIONS: After a year, under conditions of normal clinical practice, there was an increase in the use of lipid-lowering drugs and improvement in lipid control, though a bit over half the patients (61%) with clear hypercholesterolaemia maintained concentrations requiring treatment. |
| Cholesterol is superior to 7-ketocholesterol or 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol as an allosteric activator for acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 Zhang, Y., C. Yu, et al. (2003), J Biol Chem 278(13): 11642-7. Abstract: We compared the abilities of cholesterol versus various oxysterols as substrate and/or as activator for the enzyme acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), by monitoring the activity of purified human ACAT1 in response to sterols solubilized in mixed micelles or in reconstituted vesicles. The results showed that 5 alpha,6 alpha-epoxycholesterol and 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol are comparable with cholesterol as the favored substrates, whereas 7-ketocholesterol, 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, 5 beta,6 beta-epoxycholesterol, and 24(S),25-epoxycholesterol are very poor substrates for the enzyme. We then tested the ability of 7-ketocholesterol as an activator when cholesterol was measured as the substrate, and vice versa. When cholesterol was measured as the substrate, the addition of 7-ketocholesterol could not activate the enzyme. In contrast, when 7-ketocholesterol was measured as the substrate, the addition of cholesterol significantly activated the enzyme and changed the shape of the substrate saturation curve from sigmoidal to essentially hyperbolic. Additional results show that, as an activator, cholesterol is much better than all the oxysterols tested. These results suggest that ACAT1 contains two types of sterol binding sites; the structural requirement for the ACAT activator site is more stringent than it is for the ACAT substrate site. Upon activation by cholesterol, ACAT1 becomes promiscuous toward various sterols as its substrate. |
| Cholesterol is the major atherogenic lipid in NIDDM Betteridge, D. (1997), Diabetes Metab Rev 13(2): 99-104. |
| Cholesterol isn't all bad Fleetwood, J. (1990), Caritas 56(76): 15. |
| Cholesterol issues as viewed from the United States Grundy, S. M. (1997), J Intern Med 241(4): 279-81. |
| Cholesterol kinetics in subjects with bile fistula. Positive relationship between size of the bile acid precursor pool and bile acid synthetic rate Schwartz, C. C., L. A. Zech, et al. (1993), J Clin Invest 91(3): 923-38. Abstract: Our aim was to identify and quantitate cholesterol pools and transport pathways in blood and liver. By studying bile fistula subjects, using several types of isotopic preparations, simultaneous labeling of separate cholesterol pools and sampling all components of blood and bile at frequent intervals, we developed a comprehensive multicompartmental model for cholesterol within the rapidly miscible pool. Data in six components (bile acids, esterified cholesterol in whole plasma, and free cholesterol in blood cells, bile, alpha lipoproteins, and beta lipoproteins) were modeled simultaneously with the SAAM program. The analysis revealed extensive exchange of free cholesterol between HDL and liver, blood cells, and other tissues. There was net free cholesterol transport from HDL to the liver in most subjects. The major organ that removed esterified cholesterol from blood was the liver. A large portion (4,211 mumol) of total hepatic cholesterol comprised a pool that turned over rapidly (t1/2 of 72 min) by exchanging mainly with plasma HDL and was the major source of bile acids and biliary cholesterol. Only 6% of hepatic newly synthesized cholesterol was used directly for bile acid synthesis: the analysis showed that 94% of newly synthesized cholesterol was partitioned into the large hepatic pool (putative plasma membrane free cholesterol) which exchanged rapidly with plasma lipoproteins. Bile acid synthetic rate correlated directly with the size of the large hepatic pool. In conclusion, hepatic and blood cholesterol pools and transports have been quantitated. HDL plays a central role in free cholesterol exchange/transport between all tissues and plasma. In humans, the metabolically active pool comprises a large portion of total hepatic cholesterol that, in part, regulates bile acid synthesis. |
| Cholesterol knowledge in population SoRelle, R. (2001), Circulation 104(12): E9027-8. |
| Cholesterol level among school children. Cholesterol measurements in adolescents in a municipality in Finnmark and a municipality in Sogn and Fjordane Johnsen, T. S., L. Lien, et al. (1991), Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 111(1): 29-31. Abstract: This article reports a survey conducted to measured serum cholesterol in pupils aged 13-16 years in a municipality in the county of Finnmark and in a municipality in the county of Sogn og Fjordane. Cholesterol levels were analysed and information was collected by questionnaire on eating habits, smoking habits and occurrence of cardiovascular disease in the family. We did not find any differences between the two communities in respect of cholesterol level, nor any relationship between eating habits and cholesterol level. Pupils with parents and/or grandparents with cardiovascular disease had a significantly higher cholesterol level than pupils with no such disease in their family. |
| Cholesterol level and women Holmqvist, O. (1995), Lakartidningen 92(4): 259. |
| Cholesterol level as related to physical constitution and lifestyle of vocational school students Rzepka, J., B. Smylla, et al. (1996), Pediatr Pol 71(1): 37-40. Abstract: In a group of 153 vocational school students aged between 16 to 19 years, somatic tests and determinations of selected hemodynamic parameters (total cholesterol together with HDL fraction, physical efficiency) (Ruffier-Dickson test and the classic "step-test") were carried out. At a detailed interview it was attempted to establish the lifestyle of the tested students and also their parents state of health. J.P. Guilford's interpretation was applied to these factors. |
| Cholesterol level can be lowered Fournaise, B. and H. V. Tost (1990), Sygeplejersken 90(3): 26-8. |
| Cholesterol level in circulating immune complexes as a marker of coronary atherosclerosis Orekhov, A. N., O. S. Kalenich, et al. (1991), Adv Exp Med Biol 285: 393-7. |
| Cholesterol level testing Dent, T. H. and N. M. Brierley (1993), Br J Gen Pract 43(373): 351. |
| Cholesterol levels White, H. and J. Neutze (1990), N Z Med J 103(890): 252. |
| Cholesterol levels after 3 days of high-dose simvastatin in patients at moderate to high risk for coronary events Michelena, H. I., L. A. Osorio, et al. (2005), Int J Cardiol 101(1): 111-4. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) impair vascular function by a variety of mechanisms. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) improve endothelial function by lowering LDL-C and possibly by other "pleiotropic" effects. How rapidly statins can lower LDL-C has not been thoroughly studied. METHODS: We examined the lipid response to 3 days of high-dose simvastatin in a randomized prospective double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Twenty-seven subjects at moderate to high risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) received either simvastatin 80 mg/day for 3 days followed by placebo for 3 days or placebo followed by simvastatin. After a washout period of 10 to 14 days, subjects received the opposite treatment. Nonfasting blood lipid levels, including total cholesterol, direct LDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides, were obtained before randomization and after each 3-day treatment period. RESULTS: The mean LDL-C level at baseline was 107 mg/dl and decreased 24% in patients receiving simvastatin and 5.6% in patients receiving placebo (P < 0.001). Statistically significant reductions were also achieved in the total cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL-C ratio: 14% and 12%, respectively. Changes in HDL-C and triglyceride levels were not significant. CONCLUSION: Treatment with simvastatin for only 3 days results in a 24% drop in the LDL-C level. As defined by ATPIII, this decrease is comparable to that necessary to lower the LDL-C from one risk level to a lower one and is, therefore, both clinically and statistically significant. |
| Cholesterol levels among Japanese Americans and other populations: Seattle Nikkei Health Study Namekata, T., D. Moore, et al. (1996), J Atheroscler Thromb 3(2): 105-13. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to compare average cholesterol levels between Seattle based Japanese Americans and three other populations: U.S. population, native Japanese population and native Japanese urban workers. A total of 1,466 Japanese Americans (724 men and 742 women) participated in cardiovascular disease screening in the Seattle area during 1989 94. Data sources for comparisons are from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1988-91, the results of the National Cardiovascular Disease Examination Survey in Japan for 1990, and cardiovascular disease screening conducted by the Epidemiological Arteriosclerosis Research Institute in Japan for 1989. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels of Seattle Japanese American men and women were highest among the four populations. Among men, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels for Seattle Japanese Americans and native Japanese were similar and fell between those of urban Japanese workers and the U.S. population. In women, the average HDL C levels were highest in the Japanese urban workers, second highest in Seattle Japanese Americans, and lowest in both the U.S. population and native Japanese population. These differences in lipid levels may be caused by both genetic and environmental factors, which are now under investigation. |
| Cholesterol levels and coronary risks Winder, A. F. (1993), Br J Clin Pract 47(1): 8-9. |
| Cholesterol levels and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in a Mexican adult population Posadas-Romero, C., R. Tapia-Conyer, et al. (1995), Atherosclerosis 118(2): 275-84. Abstract: In Mexico, the incidence and prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) has increased over the past three decades and has become the leading cause of death in the country. Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis and most developed countries currently have public health strategies that attempt to reduce the level of cholesterol. In order to determine the mean total cholesterol values and the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, an epidemiologic survey was carried out in a representative national population sample that included men and women aged 1 to 98 years. In this report, we present the findings in all individuals older than 20 years (n = 33,558). Considering the country as a whole, the mean serum total cholesterol (TC) was 4.80 +/- 1.16 mmol/l, the prevalence of borderline hypercholesterolemia (TC between 5.17 and 6.20 mmol/l) was 22.8% and the prevalence of high risk hypercholesterolemia (TC > or = 6.20 mmol/l) was 10.6%. This cross sectional study demonstrated the existence of significant geographic differences in serum TC, with mean state values ranging from 4.43 +/- 1.05 mmol/l in the south to 5.48 +/- 1.36 mmol/l in the north. The prevalence of high risk hypercholesterolemia was as high as 24.8% in Baja California Norte and as low as 4.0% in the state of Guerrero. These large differences in mean TC values are probably diet related and reinforce the need to carry out prospective and intervention trials related to CHD and its risk factors. |
| Cholesterol levels and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Mexican children and teenagers Lerman-Garber, I., J. A. Sepulveda-Amor, et al. (1993), Atherosclerosis 103(2): 195-203. Abstract: In Mexico, the incidence and prevalence of coronary heart disease has increased over the past three decades and has become the leading cause of death in some areas of the country. Hypercholesterolemia (HC) is a major risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis and most developed countries currently have public health strategies that attempt to reduce the level of cholesterol. In order to learn the mean total cholesterol values and the prevalence of HC, an epidemiologic survey was carried out in a representative population sample that included men and women aged 1 to 98 years, across the nation. In this report, we present the findings in children and teenagers of both sexes (n = 34369). Considering the country as a whole, the mean serum TC was 147 +/- 35 mg/dl, the prevalence of borderline hypercholesterolemia (TC between 170 and 199 mg/dl) was 14.7% and the prevalence of high risk hypercholesterolemia (TC > or = 200 mg/dl) was 6.7%. This cross sectional study demonstrated the existence of significant geographic differences in serum TC, with mean state values ranging from 133 mg/dl in the south to 164 mg/dl in the north. The prevalences of high risk hypercholesterolemia was as high as 18.2% in Baja California Norte and as low as 2.5% in the state of Morelos. These geographic differences in total cholesterol and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia were already present at one year of age and persisted throughout childhood and adolescence. |