| For medical practitioners and the general public - Cholesterol Journal Article Catalog. |
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| Relationship between serum cholesterol levels and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine-induced cortisol responses in healthy men and women Terao, T., J. Nakamura, et al. (2000), Psychiatry Res 96(2): 167-73. Abstract: We investigated the effect of cholesterol on serotonergic receptor function in 20 healthy male and 10 healthy female subjects using cortisol responses to meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) neuroendocrine challenge tests. M-CPP, a metabolite of the antidepressant trazodone, has been widely used in psychopharmacology research as a probe of serotonin function. In the human brain, m-CPP binds both to various serotonergic receptors, mainly 5-HT(2C), and to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. After an overnight fast, the subjects received m-CPP (0.5 mg/kg) or identical placebo capsules orally in a randomized, double blind, crossover design. Blood was obtained for measurement of cholesterol and cortisol. In some analyses, especially in males, there were significant positive correlations between serum cholesterol levels and cortisol responses. These findings suggest the possibility that serum cholesterol levels may be positively associated with serotonergic receptor function. The existence of such an association may provide an explanation for reported increases in depression, suicide and violence in individuals with low or lowered cholesterol. |
| Relationship between serum cholesterol levels and television viewing in 11,947 employed adults Tucker, L. A. and M. Bagwell (1992), Am J Health Promot 6(6): 437-42. Abstract: PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia among high-, moderate-, and low-duration television viewers. The confounding effects of age, gender, income, body fat percentage, weekly exercise duration, and smoking were also examined. DESIGN. A cross-sectional or correlational design was employed. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel odds ratios were used to estimate risk of the television viewers regarding hypercholesterolemia. SETTING. Participants were employees of over 55 corporations that had their employees screened as part of the ongoing risk-management program of Health Advancement Services (HAS), Inc. SUBJECTS. Subjects were 11,947 employed adults. About 85% of the subjects eligible for participation completed the screenings and were used in the study. MEASURES. Serum cholesterol was assessed in a certified lab, and lifestyle information, including television viewing habits, was collected via a written questionnaire. Body fat was measured using skinfolds from three body sites. RESULTS. High-duration television viewers were almost two times more likely to suffer from hypercholesterolemia as infrequent viewers, with and without control of multiple confounding factors. Moderate-duration viewers were at 1.5 times the risk of hypercholesterolemia compared to infrequent viewers. Neither television group was at greater risk of moderately elevated cholesterol levels (200-239) compared to the infrequent viewers with all of the potential confounders controlled. CONCLUSIONS. Cause-and-effect conclusions are not warranted; however, this study coupled with other investigations shows that excessive television viewing may be an important lifestyle factor linked to decreased health and functioning. |
| Relationship between serum total cholesterol, infarct size, and early clinical outcome following acute myocardial infarction Becker, R. C., J. M. Corrao, et al. (1992), Cardiology 80(1): 65-70. Abstract: Strategies designed to decrease coronary heart disease (CHD) associated morbidity and mortality have focused primarily on established risk factors, including hypercholesterolemia, systemic hypertension, and cigarette smoking. Indeed, primary and secondary intervention trials have provided evidence for cholesterol lowering as an efficient method of CHD risk reduction. To test the hypothesis that serum total cholesterol influences the clinical outcome following acute myocardial infarction, infarct size, left ventricular ejection fraction, infarct-related vessel patency, and in-hospital cardiac events were determined in 106 consecutive patients given thrombolytic therapy within 5 h of symptom onset. Cumulative 48-hour creatine kinase (CK) release, peak CK, and calculated infarct size did not differ significantly between patients with an admitting serum total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dl (group 1) and those with a cholesterol level greater than 250 mg/dl (group 2). Total cholesterol did not correlate with either cumulative CK release, peak CK, infarct size, vessel patency, or left ventricular ejection fraction. The vessel patency correlated inversely with cumulative CK release (r = -0.27; p = 0.03) and directly with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.24; p = 0.03). The incidence of in-hospital cardiac events including recurrent infarction, congestive heart failure, and death was 6.9, 13.9, and 2.6%, respectively, and did not differ significantly between patient groups. Thus, although serum total cholesterol has been shown to influence CHD incidence, morbidity, and overall mortality, the findings of our study suggest that it does not impact directly on infarct size, left ventricular function, or in-hospital clinical outcome among patients sustaining acute myocardial infarction. |
| Relationship between smoking habits and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides in a hypercholesterolemic adult cohort, in relation to gender and age Schuitemaker, G. E., G. J. Dinant, et al. (2002), Clin Exp Med 2(2): 83-8. Abstract: Elevated total cholesterol, the related low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides, and smoking habits are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of habitual smoking on these parameters in 492 hypercholesterolemic men and women, aged between 26 and 66 years. Relative differences between smokers and non-smokers in the mean values of total cholesterol, low-density and hig-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides were 2.2%, 5.5%, -8.1%, and 13.7%, respectively. These differences were statistically significant (P<0.04). Over the entire cohort, including men and women, age did not affect the mean values significantly, except for total cholesterol and triglyceride values in smoking women, which were significantly higher in women over 50 years than in the younger women (P=0.011 and P=0.004). In both men and women, regardless of smoking habits, 43%-59% of subjects exceeded the upper reference range value for low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (4.9 mmol/l), while 38%-59% exceeded the upper reference range value for triglycerides (2.0 mmol/l) and 82%-91% had values below the lower reference range value for high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (0.9 mmol/l for men, 1.2 mmol/l for women). Smoking habits hardly influenced the extent to which reference values were exceeded, except for low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in all subjects (higher percentage for smokers, P=0.041). Similar results were obtained for age, except for triglycerides in smoking women, wich showed high values in 26% of women <50 years versus 50% of women > or = 50 years (P=0.026). In conclusion, smoking has an adverse effect on low-density and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and triglycerides in a hypercholesterolemic population of men and women, regardless of age. |
| Relationship between standard semen parameters, calcium, cholesterol contents, and mitochondrial activity in ejaculated spermatozoa from fertile and infertile males Meseguer, M., N. Garrido, et al. (2004), J Assist Reprod Genet 21(12): 445-51. Abstract: PURPOSE: To correlate levels of cholesterol (CH), calcium (Ca2+), and mitochondrial activity (MA) with the standard semen parameters and to compare them between fertile and infertile men. METHODS: We studied 151 semen samples from infertile (n = 60) or fertile (n = 91) males. Basic sperm parameters were analyzed. Ca2+ and CH concentrations on seminal plasma were determined by enzymoimmunoanalysis. Intracellular Ca2+ and CH concentrations in the sperm plasma membrane and mitochondrial activity by fluorometry. RESULTS: There was a significant positive correlation between sperm membrane CH and sperm morphology. Intracellular Ca2+ was lower in infertile patients compared to fertile. No differences were found regarding Ca2+ and CH concentrations in seminal plasma. MA is directly and strongly related with sperm motility. CONCLUSIONS: Intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and the proportion of CH in the sperm membrane are two important markers of the sperm quality due to its direct relationship with sperm morphology and fertility potential. |
| Relationship between structure and function of dietary fibre: a comparative study of the effects of three galactomannans on cholesterol metabolism in the rat Evans, A. J., R. L. Hood, et al. (1992), Br J Nutr 68(1): 217-29. Abstract: Male adult rats were fed on diets containing 80 g/kg galactomannans with different galactose (G): mannose (M) ratios/kg. The galactomannans were compared with purified cellulose (Solkaflok) and the animal were also fed on a basal diet free from fibre. All diets contained cholesterol (10 g/kg) and sodium cholate (2 g/kg). The three galactomannans were fenugreek gum (1G:1M), guar gum (1G:2M) and locust-bean gum (1G:4M). In comparison with the fibre-free and Solkaflok diets, all three galactomannans lowered the concentrations of cholesterol in both liver and blood plasma. The galactomannans also decreased the rate of hepatic synthesis of cholesterol. Dietary galactomannans increased caecal volatile fatty acids, particularly propionic, increased the weight of the caecum and its contents and increased the amount of water in the faeces. The increase in propionic acid production was significantly related to a decrease in caecal pH, but not to changes in plasma cholesterol or hepatic cholesterol synthesis. These effects were significantly influenced by chemical composition and structure of the galactomannan; they were most evident when the proportion of galactose in the galactomannan was highest (i.e. fenugreek gum). The three galactomannans also differed markedly in their effects on the viscosity of the digesta, but the galactomannan which gave the highest viscosity was least effective in lowering plasma cholesterol. A separate experiment with perfused loops of small intestine in vivo showed that the most effective galactomannan, fenugreek gum, had no direct effect on cholesterol absorption. |
| Relationship between total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the effects of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and body mass index Koyama, H., M. Ogawa, et al. (1990), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 36(4): 377-85. Abstract: Despite the fact that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) is a part of total cholesterol (TC), the serum level of this portion has been reported to have no or only a weak relationship to the TC level. The present study assessed the relationship between HDLC and TC considering alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and body mass index (BMI) in 366 male workers classified into three groups by the habitual physical exercise. The results showed the different effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and BMI on the level of HDLC among these three groups, and alcohol consumption lowered the LDLC level only in the exercise group. The closest relationship between HDLC and TC was seen in the exercise group, even after taking other factors into account. The result suggests that the HDLC level must be evaluated relative to the level of TC. As an indicator of serum lipid patterns the validity of the ratio of HDLC to TC (HDLC/TC) was discussed. |
| Relationship between total mortality and cholesterol reduction as found by meta-regression analysis of randomized cholesterol-lowering trials Holme, I. (1996), Control Clin Trials 17(1): 13-22. Abstract: All randomized trials of cholesterol lowering except those without information on total mortality or cholesterol reduction were included in this meta-analysis. Its purpose was to review the relationship between log odds ratio of total mortality in active vs. control group and degree of cholesterol reduction, adjusting for appropriate covariates such as type of trial (single or multifactor), risk level in the control group, and type of treatment. Analysis revealed that risk level in the control group was particularly important to adjust for because it correlated both to degree of cholesterol reduction (r = 0.48) and to log OR of total mortality (r = -0.38, single-factor trials) and thus confounded the cholesterol mortality association. After adjustment, a borderline significant association was found between degree of absolute cholesterol reduction and total mortality log OR. Type of treatments also seemed to be associated with log OR, mostly through excess risk in hormone-treated patients. There was no statistically significant indication that fibrate trials had inferior results as compared to other drug trials. Meta-analysis estimates of global treatment effects can be misleading in the guidance for creating appropriate recommendations regarding cholesterol reduction. More emphasis must be put on how cholesterol is reduced and how much. |
| Relationship between total serum cholesterol level and nutritional and physical status in Nepalese rural people Itoh, K., T. Kawasaki, et al. (1993), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 39(2): 127-39. Abstract: To investigate the nutritional condition in a hilly village (Kotyang) and a suburban village (Bhadrakali) in Nepal and to clarify the possible cause of the difference in total serum cholesterol level between the two groups of villagers habitually eating low fat diets, we carried out a nutrition survey using the 24-h recall method and blood sampling in 403 subjects (204 men and 199 women) in the hilly village and 466 (244 men and 222 women) in the suburban village. Total serum cholesterol was statistically significantly lower in the hilly villagers than in the suburban villagers for both sexes, but HDL-cholesterol was not. In both villages, 82% of the total energy was taken from carbohydrate, 7-8% from fat and 10% from protein. Energy, protein, fiber, potassium, magnesium, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and vitamin A in the hilly villagers were significantly higher than those in the suburban villagers. Total serum cholesterol was significantly associated with age and body fat percentage, suggesting that total serum cholesterol level was not directly associated with total fat intake in these Nepalese people. |
| Relationship between urinary cGMP excretion and serum total cholesterol levels in a general population Cui, R., H. Iso, et al. (2005), Atherosclerosis 179(2): 379-86. Abstract: Hypercholesterolemia impairs endothelial function. However, the critical level of serum total cholesterol at which endothelial dysfunction occurs is unknown at present. We investigated cross-sectionally the correlation between urinary excretion of cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cGMP), a second messenger of nitric oxide (NO) and serum total cholesterol concentrations in a general population sample of Japanese men and women. The samples comprised 1541 subjects (788 men and 753 women) aged 40-79 years, who participated in cardiovascular risk surveys between 1997 and 2002 and underwent a 24h urine collection. Urinary excretion of cGMP was measured using a (125)I-labeled cGMP radioimmunoassay and was adjusted for urinary creatinine excretion (nmol/mmol creatinine). The mean urinary cGMP excretion correlated linearly and inversely with serum total cholesterol level: mean cGMP excretion adjusted for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors was 61.7, 53.6, 50.8, 49.2, 47.3 and 46.4 nmol/mmol for total cholesterol levels <4.14, 4.14-4.64, 4.65-5.16, 5.17-5.68, 5.69-6.20 and > or =6.21 mmol/L, respectively (p=0.007). This relation was more evident among individuals with end-organ damage, among subjects with higher C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and among postmenopausal women. Our data suggest a reduction of NO bioactivity with higher serum total cholesterol levels, even within clinically normal cholesterol levels. |
| Relationship of anti-60 kDa heat shock protein and anti-cholesterol antibodies to cardiovascular events Veres, A., G. Fust, et al. (2002), Circulation 106(22): 2775-80. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Several recent studies have indicated an association between key inflammatory mediators and atherosclerotic diseases. We evaluated whether high levels of antibodies against heat shock proteins and cholesterol (ACHA) predicted cardiovascular (CV) events. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used blood samples from the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study to conduct a nested case-control study of 386 cases with CV events and 386 age- and sex-matched HOPE study controls without events. We explored the relationship between anti-hsp antibodies, ACHA, and subsequent outcomes (incident myocardial infarction, stroke, or CV death) during a mean follow-up of 4.5 years using conditional logistic regression. High levels of anti-hsp65 antibodies (> or =90th percentile) predicted CV events (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.9, P=0.01). Anti-hsp60 antibodies did not predict any event type, whereas incident stroke developed significantly less frequently in patients with high ACHA levels. Anti-hsp antibodies and ACHA did not correlate with inflammatory (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, intracellular adhesion molecule-1) or infectious markers (C pneumoniae or cytomegalovirus antibodies). Anti-hsp65 antibodies (> or =90th percentile) and fibrinogen (highest tertile) had a strong joint effect: patients with high concentrations of both had more CV events (OR, 5.5; 95% CI, 1.8 to 17.5, P=0.004) than patients with low levels of both. A similar joint effect (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.7, P=0.01) was found for high levels of anti-hsp65 and presence of cytomegalovirus antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Serum antibodies to hsp65 were associated with subsequent CV events in this study of high-risk patients, independent of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and other inflammatory markers. |
| Relationship of baseline serum cholesterol levels in 3 large cohorts of younger men to long-term coronary, cardiovascular, and all-cause mortality and to longevity Stamler, J., M. L. Daviglus, et al. (2000), Jama 284(3): 311-8. Abstract: CONTEXT: Based on observational and interventional data for middle-aged cohorts (aged 40-64 years), serum cholesterol level is known to be an established major risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). However, findings for younger people are limited, and the value of detecting and treating hypercholesterolemia in younger adults is debated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term impact of unfavorable serum cholesterol levels on risk of death from CHD, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and all causes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Three prospective studies, from which were selected 3 cohorts of younger men with baseline serum cholesterol level measurements and no history of diabetes mellitus or myocardial infarction. A total of 11,017 men aged 18 through 39 years screened in 1967-1973 for the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA); 1266 men aged 25 through 39 years examined in 1959-1963 in the Peoples Gas Company Study (PG); and 69,205 men aged 35 through 39 years screened in 1973-1975 for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cause-specific mortality during 25 (CHA), 34 (PG), and 16 (MRFIT) years of follow-up; mortality risks; and estimated life expectancy in relation to baseline serum cholesterol levels. RESULTS: Death due to CHD accounted for 26%, 34%, and 28% of all deaths in the CHA, PG, and MRFIT cohorts, respectively; and CVD death for 34%, 42%, and 39% of deaths in the same cohorts, respectively. Men in all 3 cohorts with unfavorable serum cholesterol levels (200-239 mg/dL 5.17-6.18 mmol/L and >/=240 mg/dL >/=6.21 mmol/L) had strong gradients of relative mortality risk. For men with serum cholesterol levels of 240 mg/dL or greater (>/=6.21 mmol/L) vs favorable levels (<200 mg/dL <5.17 mmol/L), CHD mortality risk was 2.15 to 3.63 times greater; CVD disease mortality risk was 2.10 to 2.87 times greater; and all-cause mortality was 1.31 to 1.49 times greater. Hypercholesterolemic men had age-adjusted absolute risk of CHD death of 59 per 1000 men in 25 years (CHA cohort), 90 per 1000 men in 34 years (PG cohort), and 15 per 1000 men in 16 years (MRFIT cohort). Absolute excess risk was 43.6 per 1000 men (CHA), 81.4 per 1000 men (PG), and 12.1 per 1000 men (MRFIT). Men with favorable baseline serum cholesterol levels had an estimated greater life expectancy of 3.8 to 8.7 years. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a continuous, graded relationship of serum cholesterol level to long-term risk of CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality, substantial absolute risk and absolute excess risk of CHD and CVD death for younger men with elevated serum cholesterol levels, and longer estimated life expectancy for younger men with favorable serum cholesterol levels. JAMA. 2000;284:311-318 |
| Relationship of blood cholesterol and apoprotein B levels to angiographically defined coronary artery disease in young males McGill, D. A., P. Talsma, et al. (1993), Coron Artery Dis 4(3): 261-70. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease is mainly caused by the effects of obstruction to blood flow in the coronary arteries from discrete mural lesions that encroach into the lumen and usually occur in arteries that are involved by atherosclerosis. Even though the level of certain lipoproteins is indisputably related to the degree of this atherosclerotic involvement of the coronary arteries, the question of whether lipoproteins are also associated with the obstructive lesions remains uncertain. METHODS: This study addressed the question in 53 males (age, 44.6 +/- 4.9 y) with premature coronary heart disease and angiographically proven coronary artery disease. The cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, apoprotein B, and apoprotein A-I levels were compared by linear correlation to semiquantitative angiographic measures of coronary artery disease severity (coronary stenosis score and mean coronary stenosis score), the extent of mural involvement (coronary atheromatous score and mean coronary atheromatous score), and also the number of normal coronary artery segments, an alternative severity score (Jenkins), and left ventricular function score. RESULTS: Age, past and present cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apoprotein B levels correlated directly with the extent of disease (r = 0.27, 0.46, 0.29, 0.26, 0.35, respectively, P < 0.05 with coronary atheromatous score; r = 0.29, 0.44, 0.33, 0.30, 0.35, respectively, P < 0.05 with mean coronary atheromatous score). Age and New York Heart Association angina functional class correlated directly with disease severity (r = 0.25, 0.31, respectively, P < 0.05 with coronary stenosis score; r = 0.25, 0.34, respectively, P < 0.05 with mean coronary stenosis score). There was an inverse association between age, past and present cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apoprotein B levels with the number of normal segments (r = -0.23, -0.46, -0.38, -0.35, -0.39, respectively, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis was undertaken with lipoproteins and age as independent variables and angiographic scores as dependent variables; the apoprotein B level was the most predictive of the extent of coronary artery disease (P < 0.02) and inversely predicted the number of normal segments (P < 0.002). Of those variables entered into the regression model, only age was independently predictive of the severity of angiographic coronary artery disease. CONCLUSION: Apoprotein B levels are not predictive of coronary artery disease severity but do predict independently the extent of involvement of coronary atherosclerosis defined angiographically. |
| Relationship of blood cholesterol to body composition, physical fitness, and dietary intake measures in third-grade children and their parents Hopper, C. A., M. B. Gruber, et al. (2001), Res Q Exerc Sport 72(2): 182-8. |
| Relationship of cholesterol content to spatial distribution and age of disc membranes in retinal rod outer segments Boesze-Battaglia, K., S. J. Fliesler, et al. (1990), J Biol Chem 265(31): 18867-70. Abstract: The initial events of visual transduction occur on disc membranes which are sequestered within the photoreceptor outer segment. In rod cells, the discs are stacked in the outer segment. Discs are formed at the base of the rod outer segment (ROS) from evaginations of the plasma membrane. As new discs form, older discs move toward the apical tip of the rod, from which they are eventually shed and subsequently phagocytosed by the adjacent pigment epithelium. Thus, disc membranes within a given rod cell are not of uniform age. We have recently shown that disc membranes are not homogeneous with respect to cholesterol content (Boesze-Battaglia, K., Hennessey, T., and Albert, A. D. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8151-8155). In the present study, freshly isolated bovine retinas were incubated with 3Hleucine for 4 h in order to allow sufficient time for the radiolabeled proteins to become incorporated into the basal-most (newest) discs. Osmotically intact discs were then isolated. After the addition of digitonin, the discs were fractionated based on cholesterol content, and radioactivity (indicative of newly synthesized protein) was measured. Discs which exhibited high cholesterol content also exhibited high radio-activity. These results demonstrate that the cholesterol heterogeneity of ROS disc membranes is related to the age, and thus the position, of the discs in the ROS. |
| Relationship of dietary fat and serum cholesterol ester and phospholipid fatty acids to markers of insulin resistance in men and women with a range of glucose tolerance Lovejoy, J. C., C. M. Champagne, et al. (2001), Metabolism 50(1): 86-92. Abstract: High-fat diets are associated with insulin resistance, however, this effect may vary depending on the type of fat consumed. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intakes of specific dietary fatty acids (assessed by 3-day diet records and fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters CEs and phospholipids PLs) and glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nineteen men and 19 women completed the study. Nine subjects had type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Fasting insulin correlated with reported intakes of total fat (r =.50, P <.01), monounsaturated fat (r =.44, P <.01), and saturated fat (r =.49, P <.01), but not with trans fatty acid intake (r =.11, not significant NS). Fasting glucose also correlated with total (r =.39, P <.05) and monounsaturated fat intakes (r =.37, P <.05). In multivariate analysis, both total and saturated fat intake were strong single predictors of fasting insulin (R2 approximately.25), and a model combining dietary and anthropometric measures accounted for 47% of the variance in fasting insulin. Significant relationships were observed between fasting insulin and the serum CE enrichments of myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), and dihomo-gamma-linolenic (C20:3n-6) acids. In multivariate analysis, a model containing CE 14:0 and percent body fat explained 45% of the variance in fasting insulin, and C14:0 and age explained 30% of the variance in fasting glucose. PL C20:3n-6 explained 30% of the variance in fasting insulin, and a model including PL C18:1n-11 cis, C20:3n-6, age and body fat had an R2 of.58. In conclusion, self-reported intake of saturated and monounsaturated fats, but not trans fatty acids, are associated with markers of insulin resistance. Furthermore, enhancement of dihomo-gamma-linolenic and myristic acids in serum CE and PL, presumably markers for dietary intake, predicted insulin resistance. |
| Relationship of genetic variation in genes encoding apolipoprotein A-IV, scavenger receptor BI, HMG-CoA reductase, CETP and apolipoprotein E with cholesterol metabolism and the response to plant stanol ester consumption Plat, J. and R. P. Mensink (2002), Eur J Clin Invest 32(4): 242-50. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Differences in genetic constitution may affect cholesterol metabolism and responses to diet. Identification of common variations in genes related to dietary responsiveness is therefore an attractive goal to be able to prescribe individually tailored diets for the treatment of dyslipidaemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We have examined relationships between serum lipids and lipoproteins, cholesterol-standardized campesterol and lathosterol concentrations with genetic variation, and the presence of a gene-diet interaction between plant stanol ester consumption. Candidate genes were apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV), scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and apolipoprotein E (apoE). These relations were examined in 112 nonhypercholesterolaemic subjects, of whom 70 consumed 3.8-4.0 g plant stanol esters a day for 8 weeks. RESULTS: At baseline, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations of 1.56 +/- 0.36 mmol L(-1) in SR-BI-2 allele carriers tended to be lower compared to the 1.72 +/- 0.42 mmol L(-1) in SR-BI-1/1 subjects (P = 0.069). Cholesterol standardized lathosterol concentrations were also lower in the SR-BI-2 allele carriers (P = 0.002). Furthermore, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations in apoE2 subjects, were lower compared to the LDL cholesterol concentration in apoE3 group (P = 0.002) and apoE4 subjects (P < 0.001). No significant differences between the polymorphisms and dietary responsiveness to plant stanol ester consumption could be found, which indicates that it is unlikely that one of the single polymorphisms analysed in this study is a major factor in explaining the variation in serum LDL cholesterol responses. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that all subjects who want to lower their cholesterol concentration, will benefit from plant stanol ester consumption, irrespective of their apoA-IV, SR-BI, HMG-CoA reductase, CETP, or apoE genotype. |
| Relationship of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and red blood cell filterability: cross-sectional study of healthy subjects Ejima, J., T. Ijichi, et al. (2000), Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 22(1): 1-7. Abstract: The deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) is an important rheologic factor in the maintenance of normal blood flow in the microcirculation. Contrary to the well-known relationship between hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, the relationship between RBC rheology and the serum lipid profile has remained controversial and obscure. Moreover, the correlation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and RBC deformability has not been fully understood. In the present cross-sectional study of 139 apparently healthy subjects, we investigated whole-cell deformability (filterability) of RBCs in relation to the lipid profile, using a nickel mesh filter with 3.2-microm pores. RBC filterability was independent of gender, age and serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. The filterability was significantly proportional to the HDL-cholesterol values (r = 0.382, p < 0.01), whereas it was inversely proportional to the triglyceride levels (r = -0.259, p < 0.01). These findings may provide new insight into the role of HDL-cholesterol not only in preventing atherosclerotic progression but also in improving RBC filterability. |
| Relationship of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene structure with lipid phenotypes Aleman-Gomez, J. A., N. S. Colwell, et al. (1999), Life Sci 64(25): 2419-27. Abstract: Pancreatic cholesterol esterase is one of the enzymes that plays a pivotal role in cholesterol absorption. Differences in the genotype of this enzyme could affect the susceptibility of individuals to dyslipidemia and/or cardiovascular disease. We undertook this study to investigate if any correlation exists between restriction fragment length polymorphism in the human pancreatic cholesterol esterase gene and serum lipid levels. DNA from 96 healthy adults was restricted with Stu I, Southern blotted, and probed with cDNA of human pancreatic cholesterol esterase. Results revealed six distinct patterns which were classified as A, B, C, D, E, and F which had a population frequency of 1%, 34.5%, 49%, 12.5%, 1% and 2% respectively. Correlation of the distribution of lipid and lipoprotein levels by pattern and sex revealed a significant interaction between pattern type and HDL (p=0.03) in the most common group (group C) for males. Male patients of pattern C tended to have a lower LDL cholesterol than non-pattern C males (p=0.07); in addition, 80% of all males in the study population with LDL cholesterol under 100 mg/dl were found in pattern C. Thus, the most common Stu I RFLP genotype is associated with a favorable lipid phenotype. This report shows an association between the human pancreatic cholesterol esterase genotype and serum lipid levels. Further analysis of a larger study group with Stu I and alternative polymorphic restriction enzymes is warranted, to confirm this biologically plausible result. |
| Relationship of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, triglycerides and lipid ratios to plasma total cholesterol in young adults: the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Iribarren, C., J. D. Belcher, et al. (1996), J Cardiovasc Risk 3(4): 391-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the association of carrier lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, triglycerides and various lipid ratios with total cholesterol in young adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional data from the baseline examination (1985-1986) of The Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, a multicenter investigation of a biracial cohort of 4941 men and women aged 18-30 years. METHODS: Multiple linear regression models to estimate mean levels of lipids and lipoproteins for each category of total cholesterol, stratified by race and sex and adjusted for age and education level. RESULTS: As expected, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) and triglycerides increased linearly with the level of total cholesterol in all race-sex subgroups. The LDL-C/HDL-C, ApoB/ApoA-1 and LDL-C/ApoB ratio also increased with total cholesterol in all race-sex subgroups. The HDL-C/ApoA-1 ratio, indicative of cholesterol content per HDL particle, did not vary with total cholesterol except in white men, in whom it was slightly lower for those with high total cholesterol than those with low total cholesterol concentrations. White men showed higher triglyceride concentrations and lower HDL-C for any given total cholesterol strata. All these associations of lipoproteins, apolipoproteins and lipid ratios with total cholesterol were independent of body mass index, smoking status, fitness level and Keys score. CONCLUSIONS: Young adults with low total cholesterol have lipoprotein profiles characterized by low atherogenic potential. White men with high total cholesterol levels, compared with other groups, showed a lipid profile more conductive to atherogenesis. |