Cholesterol Journal Articles

Record 1421 to 1440

Blood cholesterol screening influence of fasting state on cholesterol results and management decisions
Craig, S. R., R. V. Amin, et al. (2000), J Gen Intern Med 15(6): 395-9.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare fasting and nonfasting total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values in adults and to determine how closely classification into risk groups for coronary heart disease based on nonfasting blood tests compares with classification based on fasting studies. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: A community hospital general internal medicine clinic. PATIENTS: One hundred eighty-one patients at least 20 years of age receiving medical care at a community hospital general internal medicine clinic. INTERVENTIONS: Total and HDL cholesterol levels were measured twice in each patient within 7 days, once while not fasting and once after a minimum 12-hour fast. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fasting and nonfasting total and HDL cholesterol values were compared, patients were classified into desirable, borderline-high, and high cholesterol groups on the basis of fasting and nonfasting blood studies. There were small, statistically significant but clinically insignificant differences in fasting and nonfasting results for total cholesterol. Nonfasting HDL cholesterol levels were similar to fasting HDL levels. The agreement in classification of patients into desirable and high-cholesterol groups between fasting and non-fasting blood testing was 86.7% and 89.5%, respectively. In the borderline-high group, for whom levels of HDL cholesterol are important in determining subsequent management, there was 95% agreement between fasting and nonfasting HDL cholesterol results. Only a small fraction of the patients were classified into lower-risk groups by the nonfasting assessment, creating the potential for less-rigorous monitoring and treatment of their cholesterol status than if fasting results were utilized. These findings were confirmed in this study also for the subgroups of men aged 35 years and older and women aged 45 years and older. CONCLUSIONS: Screening nonfasting adults for total and HDL cholesterol is appropriate for making decisions about primary prevention of coronary heart disease.

Blood cholesterol screening: influence of fasting state, biological variation and the single cholesterol assay on total cholesterol level
Ng, T. K. (1993), Med J Malaysia 48(1): 12-6.
Abstract: Postprandial changes in plasma total cholesterol (TC) are minimal and there is essentially no difference between fasting vs random TC concentrations, as reflected in the small diurnal coefficient of variation (CV) for TC of 2.5%. Similarly, a cholesterol-rich meal within the last 24 hours lacked an impact on plasma TC. Thus, random specimens are acceptable in blood cholesterol screening. The intraindividual biological CV (CVb) for plasma TC as measured over a long period was estimated from the data of several published studies to be 6.0%, which, when combined with a probable analytical CV (CVa) of 5% during screening, gave a total intraindividual CV (CVt) of about 8% for the single cholesterol assay. There is consensus that 'high TC values' acquired during screening should be confirmed under the conventional laboratory setting capable of CVa of 3% or less.

Blood cholesterol, social class and height
Walker, M., A. Phillips, et al. (1990), J Public Health Med 12(2): 142-3.

Blood cholesterol: who to test. 1
Shaper, A. G. (1992), Br J Hosp Med 47(9): 639, 641.

Blood cholesterol: who to test. 2
Betteridge, D. J. (1992), Br J Hosp Med 47(9): 643-4.

Blood concentrations of cholesterol among school children of the Valle del Jerte (Caceres)
Palomo Cobos, L. (1992), Med Clin (Barc) 99(16): 638.

Blood glucose and cholesterol control improved by continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease and diabetes mellitus
Wikdahl, A. M., L. Granbom, et al. (1993), Perit Dial Int 13 Suppl 2: S239-41.
Abstract: This longitudinal study was performed to evaluate the change of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose control in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during predialysis (PreD), on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and after kidney graft. A total of 20 consecutive patients (7 women, 13 men, mean age 42 years) with IDDM and ESRD were studied retrospectively in 1991 during PreD and during CAPD. Twelve were also investigated after obtaining a kidney graft. Insulin was administered intraperitoneally (CAPD period) and subcutaneously (PreD and transplant). The mean values of weight, serum albumin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, and triglycerides were calculated during each period. Patients were age- and sex-matched with a group of healthy controls (Group 1) and with a group of patients with IDDM without nephropathy (Group 2). T-test statistics were used. During CAPD, there were significant decreases in HbA1c (mean 8.1 mmol/L vs 12.1, p = 0.003) and cholesterol (mean 6.1 mmol/L vs 7.1, p = 0.025) compared to PreD. No differences were found between PreD and CAPD stages with regard to weight, serum albumin, or triglycerides. After transplantation an improvement was found in serum albumin compared to PreD and CAPD (mean value 40 g/L vs 34 and 35, p < 0.03), and HbA1c compared to PreD (9.6 mmol/L vs 12.1, p = 0.014), if the pancreas transplanted were included. Patients compared to Group 1 or 2 showed no differences in total cholesterol or triglycerides. HbA1c was higher in patients during PreD than in Group 2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood groups, serum cholesterol, serum uric acid, blood pressure, and obesity in adolescents
Gillum, R. F. (1991), J Natl Med Assoc 83(8): 682-8.
Abstract: To assess the association of blood groups with coronary risk factors, data were examined from the third cycle of the National Health Examination Survey. In a nationwide sample of more than 6000 black and white adolescents aged 12 to 17 years, ABO blood group, haptoglobin phenotype, selected other genetic markers of blood and secretions, and coronary risk factor levels were measured. Blood group A1 was associated with significantly higher serum total cholesterol levels in white females independent of multiple potential confounders, in white males independent of age and weight, and in southern black females independent of age and weight. ABO blood group was not significantly associated with blood pressure, resting heart rate, or subscapular skinfold thickness. An association with serum uric acid in white males was not independent of weight. In white males only, haptoglobin phenotype 2-2 was associated with significantly higher serum cholesterol levels than 1-1 or 2-1 adjusting for age and weight. No consistent associations were found between Rh types, ABH secretor ability, or group-specific component types and risk factors. This analysis of national data confirms previously reported associations of blood group A with higher serum total cholesterol levels in white adults and adolescents.

Blood levels of cholesterol and postoperative septic complications
Leardi, S., F. Altilia, et al. (2000), Ann Ital Chir 71(2): 233-7.
Abstract: Hypocholesterolemia seems to represent a significant predictive factor of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The authors, on the basis of recent literature data, aim to clarify the possible correlation between preoperative hypocholesterolemia and the risk of septic postoperative complications.205 patients undergoing to surgery for gastrointestinal diseases were the object of the study. Patients undergoing "minor" abdominal surgery or video-laparoscopic surgery and classified ASA III-IV were excluded. In all the patients, we considered retrospectively risk factors for postoperative septic complications as follows: preoperative blood concentration of cholesterol, malnutrition, obesity, diabetes, neoplasm, preoperative sepsis, type and duration of operations, antibiotics and regimen of use. Type and incidence of postoperative local or systemic septic complications were recorded. The patients have been stratified according to blood concentration of cholesterol and to the presence or absence of other risk factors. The incidence of postoperative sepsis was 35.1%. The highest incidence of postoperative septic complications (72.7%) was encountered, significantly (X2 = 7.6, p < 0.001), in the patients (11 cases, 5.9%) with cholesterol levels below 105 mg/dl). The results of this study seems to indicate a significant relationship between preoperative hypocholesterolemia and the incidence of septic complications after surgery. Moreover, evaluation of blood cholesterol levels before major surgery might represent a predictive factor of septic risk in the postoperative period.

Blood pressure and cholesterol in fish-eaters versus vegetarians
Lavine, J. B. (1996), Lancet 348(9039): 1460.

Blood pressure and serum cholesterol among male Ethiopian immigrants compared to other Israelis
Green, M. S., T. Etzion, et al. (1991), J Epidemiol Community Health 45(4): 281-6.
Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to determine the effect of migration from a non-industrialised to an industrialised society on age related changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol. DESIGN--The study was a comparison of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in cross sectional surveys in two groups: Ethiopian immigrants and Israeli industrial employees. SETTING--Ethiopian immigrants were examined at Army induction centres in Israel; industrial employees were examined in the course of a national Israeli study on occupational risk factors for cardiovascular disease. PARTICIPANTS--Participants were a sample of 387 male Ethiopians, aged 20-49 years, examined in 1987, who had immigrated to Israel three to four years previously, and a sample of 2747 male Israeli industrial employees in the same age group examined in 1985-7. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Among the Ethiopians there were no cases of overweight (Quetelet's index above 2.8) and only 6.7% were smokers, as compared with 20.7% overweight and 47.1% smokers among the other Israelis (p less than 0.001 for both variables). There were no significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension (11.6% and 13.0% for Ethiopians and other Israelis respectively). Hypercholesterolaemia (greater than 5.2 mmol/litre, 200 mg/dl) was much more prevalent among the other Israelis (42.0% v 9.6%, p less than 0.001). Blood pressures were similar and increased with age in both groups. However, in contrast to the other Israelis, average serum cholesterol among the Ethiopians was low and increased minimally with age. After regression adjustment for age and body mass index, blood pressures were higher among the Ethiopians, whereas serum cholesterol remained considerably higher among the other Israelis. Serum cholesterol was correlated with blood pressure in both groups. CONCLUSIONS--Since Ethiopian immigrants have been found to have uniformly low blood pressures on arrival in Israel, these findings suggest that there is an age dependent effect on blood pressure resulting from migration which is not reflected in the serum cholesterol values.

Blood pressure response to angiotensin II, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene in hypertensive sibling pairs
Vuagnat, A., M. Giacche, et al. (2001), J Mol Med 79(4): 175-83.
Abstract: Blood pressure (BP) response to infused angiotensin II (Ang II) has been widely used to characterize hypertensive subjects. High cholesterol levels have recently been found to enhance this response in young men, suggesting an important new link between atherosclerosis and hypertension. The present study assessed the familial resemblance of the BP response following an Ang II infusion and measured the factors affecting the trait in a large set of hypertensive men and women. After a low-salt diet for 7 days a 30-min infusion of Ang II was administered to 218 white hypertensive patients (28 singletons, 80 sibling pairs, 10 trios). Age and gender were significantly correlated to the Ang II systolic but not to the diastolic BP response. Conversely, cholesterol level and especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were correlated to both systolic and diastolic changes. Multivariate analysis showed that age, gender, and LDL were the three parameters that explained the systolic BP change whereas plasma LDL remained the only variable significantly correlated to the diastolic BP change. Significant familial resemblances in the Ang II induced systolic and diastolic BP response were observed, especially in female pairs. On this limited number of subjects, suggestive evidence for association and linkage was found between the trait, A1166C, and (CA)n repeat polymorphisms of the Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene. In conclusion, the Ang II induced BP change is strongly related to plasma LDL in hypertensive men and women, stressing the importance of the lipid profile as a contributor to BP regulation. Familial resemblance of this intermediate phenotype is sex dependent and may be partly explained by polymorphisms of the AT1R gene.

Blood pressure, body mass index, heart rate and levels of blood cholesterol and glucose of volunteers during National Heart Weeks, 1995-1997
Khoo, K. L., H. Tan, et al. (2000), Med J Malaysia 55(4): 439-50.
Abstract: The paper presents the results of a health screening programme conducted in 10 major centers in Malaysia--Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Ipoh, Johor Bahru, Alor Star, Kuala Terengganu, Malacca, Kota Bahru, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu during the National Heart Weeks, 1995-1997. There were 6,858 participants of both sexes aged between 6 years to 81 years old. The parameters involved in the screening programme were body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol and glucose. The following are the results of the study:- 1. The mean and standard deviation for the body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), total cholesterol (TC) and non fasting (random) blood glucose (GL) of the volunteers studied were 24.3 +/- 4.0 kg/m2, 128.3 +/- 21.1 mmHg, 79.6 +/- 11.9 mmHg, 77.2 +/- 12.1 bpm, 5.33 +/- 1.37 mmol/l and 5.11 +/- 1.97 mmol/l respectively. 2. There was a rising trend for BMI, SBP, DBP, TC and GL with age. The HR was higher in the younger age group of those below 20 years. Males tended to have higher mean values than females except for HR which was similar in both sexes. 3. The Malays, Chinese and Indians seemed to have closely similar mean values for SBP, DBP and HR but the Indians possessed the highest BMI (25.62 +/- 3.90 kg/m2), TC (5.61 +/- 1.48 mmol/l) and GL (5.41 +/- 2.43 mmol/l) among the three major ethnic groups. While the Ibans had highest TC (6.07 + 1.09 mmol/l), their GL level was the lowest (4.76 +/- 1.15 mmol/l). The Kadazans had the lowest TC level (4.94 +/- 1.39 mmol/l) among all the ethnic groups. 4. Among the participants screened, 31.9% were overweight (BMI > or = 25), 7.6% were obese (BMI > or = 30); 26.8% had raised SBP (> or = 140 mmHg) and 19.3% had raised DBP (> or = 90 mmHg); 13.6% of the participants had increased HR (> or = 90 bpm), 22% had raised TC (> or = 6.20 mmol/l) and 2% had raised GL (> or = 11.00 mmol/l). There was a higher prevalence for abnormal values with increasing age until between the ages of 60 or 70 years, when the values began to fall. 5. Age was positively correlated with SBP (r = 0.41***, df = 4351), DBP (r = 0.27***, df = 4351), TC (r = 0.22***, df = 3303) and GL (r = 0.16***, df = 2442) but negatively correlated with HR (r = -0.13***, df = 4351). The BMI was positively correlated with SBP (r = 0.29***, df = 2769), DBP (r = 0.31***, df = 2769), TC (r = 0.16***, df = 2137) and GL (r = 0.11**, df = 1637) but there was no correlation with HR (r = 0.03NS, df = 2771). The SBP and DBP were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.75***, df = 4351) and they also showed highly significant positive correlation (r = 0.08***-0.13***, df = 2441-3301) with TC and GL. TC was positively correlated with GL (r = 0.05* df = 2319) but only at the 5% probability level.

Blood pressure, cholesterol, and common causes of death: a review. Prospective Studies Collaboration
Lewington, S. and S. MacMahon (1999), Am J Hypertens 12(10 Pt 2): 96S-98S.
Abstract: Many prospective observational studies have reported on associations of blood pressure and blood cholesterol with cardiovascular disease, but few have been large enough to provide reliable estimates of the nature of these associations in different circumstances (or on the associations with nonvascular causes of death). Moreover, almost all such reports have related risk of disease to baseline measurements of the risk factor of interest, which can lead to substantial underestimation of the importance of the risk factor due to the regression dilution bias. By appropriate combination of individual participant data from all such studies in a systematic meta-analysis, with correction for regression dilution, the Prospective Studies Collaboration will characterize more precisely than has previously been possible the age- and gender-specific relevance of blood pressure and blood cholesterol to particular causes of death.

Blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and intima-media thickness: a test of the "response to injury" hypothesis of atherosclerosis
Sun, P., K. M. Dwyer, et al. (2000), Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20(8): 2005-10.
Abstract: The "response to injury" hypothesis is a plausible model of the development of atherosclerosis supported by observations from animal models. The present study uses epidemiological data to investigate the hypothesis that wall damage due to hypertension is a precursor of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-mediated atherosclerosis. The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study is following a cohort of 576 participants who were aged 40 to 60 years and were free of symptomatic cardiovascular disease at recruitment. Common carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography. After exclusion for nonfasting blood draw and other missing data, 511 subjects were available for analysis. IMT was regressed on LDL-C within tertiles of systolic blood pressure (SBP): low (93 to 122 mm Hg), middle (123 to 132 mm Hg), and high (133 to 175 mm Hg). Covariates were age, sex, body height, body mass index, ethnicity, smoking status, diabetes, and pharmacological treatment for hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. IMT was significantly related to LDL-C in the high SBP group (beta=0.025+/-0.008, where beta values are IMT mm/LDL-C mmol/L; P=0.002) but not in the middle (beta=-0.006+/-0.008, P=0.39) or low (beta=-0.004+/-0.009, P=0.64) SBP group. The slope in the high SBP group was significantly greater than in the middle (P=0.004) or low (P=0.014) SBP group. Results were similar for women and men, and after the exclusion of diabetics and persons using antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications. Elevated LDL-C was associated with increased IMT in the upper tertile of SBP but not in the lower tertiles. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that wall injury due to elevated SBP increases the susceptibility of the artery wall to LDL-C-mediated atherogenesis.

Blood pressure, serum cholesterol and nutritional state in Tanzania and in the Amazon: comparison with an Italian population
Pavan, L., E. Casiglia, et al. (1997), J Hypertens 15(10): 1083-90.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To confirm that westernization of dietary habits represents a stimulus for the expression of cardiovascular risk. DESIGN: Three representative age- and sex-matched samples of general populations of three continents were compared cross-sectionally by analysis of variance. PARTICIPANTS: In total 1110 subjects aged 22-89 years, divided into three groups (370 from Tanzania and Uganda, 370 from the Amazonian region of Brazil, and 370 from northern Italy; 111 men and 259 women in each group). RESULTS: The blood pressure of Africans eating a low-salt fish and vegetable' diet was lower than those of Brazilians, whose diet was based on cereals and meat, and highly urbanized Italians. The systolic blood pressure was correlated to the body mass index for all three populations, but with age only for the Brazilians and Italians. The total cholesterol level and body mass index, both of which are low among Africans, increased progressively with increasing economic level. CONCLUSIONS: Transition from a rural to an urbanized lifestyle is accompanied by a rise in the main cardiovascular risk factors; the present data also show that environmental rather than racial factors have a crucial impact on the risk pattern of populations.

Blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration and their related factors in urban and rural elderly of Ho Chi Minh City
Tran, T. M., T. Komatsu, et al. (2001), J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 47(2): 147-55.
Abstract: In Vietnam, information about blood pressure, serum lipids and their factors is limited. To obtain some of this information, a cross sectional nutrition survey was carried out in an urban and rural area of Ho Chi Minh City with 217 participants aged 60-69 y (148 females and 69 males). Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured. For three consecutive weekdays, 24 h dietary recalls were performed. Single 24 h urine was collected for sodium and potassium analysis. A fasting blood sample was taken and biochemical parameters were measured. Results indicate a high percentage of hypertension in urban (female: 35.5%, male: 43.8%) and rural areas (female: 22.2%, male: 35.1%). Blood pressure was correlated with body mass index (BMI) and 24 h urinary sodium-to-potassium (Na/K) ratio. A high prevalence of serum total cholesterol (TC) above 220 mg/dL (female: 55.3%, male: 31.3%) and overweight (female: 34.2%, male: 25.0%) were observed in urban residents. By contrast, 5.6% and 24.3% of rural females and males respectively had TC below 150 mg/dL and both genders had the same prevalence of underweight (32.4%). TC was positively correlated with body weight, BMI, dietary protein and dietary lipids. Overweight might be a major risk factor for hypertension in our urban elderly. A high Na/K intake ratio might be a risk factor for hypertension in both areas. The high prevalence of elevated TC in the urban area might to be related to the high lipid intake, and the high prevalence of low TC in the rural area might to be related to the low lipid intake.

Blood pressure, serum total cholesterol and contraceptive pill use in 17-year-old girls
Nawrot, T. S., E. Den Hond, et al. (2003), Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 10(6): 438-42.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Many studies have analysed the relation between cardiovascular risk factors and oral contraceptive use in adult women, whereas information on the possible health effects of oral contraceptive use during adolescence is lacking. DESIGN: The effect of current contraceptive pill use on blood pressure and serum total cholesterol concentration was studied in a cross-sectional sample of 120 adolescent girls with a mean age of 17.4 years. METHODS: After the girls had rested for 5 minutes in the sitting position, trained study nurses measured blood pressure three times consecutively using a mercury sphygmomanometer. The nurses also administered a questionnaire gathering information on the use of oral contraceptives, smoking and parental social class. In the morning blood samples were taken for the measurement of serum total cholesterol. RESULTS: Mean age (+/-SD) was 17.4+/-0.8 years. Blood pressure averaged (+/-SD) 108.7+/-9.9 systolic and 68.0+/-8.2 mmHg diastolic. Serum total cholesterol was 4.5+/-0.7 mmol/l. Forty-nine girls (41%) were taking the contraceptive pill. Of these, 44 (90%) were on a combination of ethinyloestradiol (20-35 microg) and a progestogen, four (8%) on anti-androgens (35 microg) and one (2%) only on a progestogen. After adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking and alcohol status systolic blood pressure was 4.6 mmHg higher (95% CI 1.2-8.1; P<0.001) in current pill users than in girls not currently on the pill (111.4 versus 106.8 mmHg). Adjusted for the aforementioned covariates, diastolic blood pressure was not related to pill use (68.2 versus 67.8 mmHg; P=0.7). Serum total cholesterol was 0.43 mmol/l (95% CI 0.18-0.60; P=0.001) higher among girls using oral contraceptives (4.7 versus 4.3 mmol/l), irrespective of whether or not the model was adjusted for age, body mass index, smoking and alcohol status. CONCLUSIONS: In 17-year-old girls, the use of oral contraceptives was associated with a nearly 5 mmHg higher systolic blood pressure and a 0.4 mmol/l higher level of serum total cholesterol. The long-term prognostic implications of our findings remain to be elucidated.

Blood purification by a membrane technique--a new method for the effective removal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Wojcicki, J. M., A. Ciechanowska, et al. (2000), Front Med Biol Eng 10(2): 131-7.
Abstract: A membrane plasma fractionation (MPS) technique is applied in order to obtain selective removal of pathological plasma components from the extracorporeal circuit. An effective plasma fractionation procedure should be characterized by the highest possible removal of the pathological plasma components and, equally as important, the lowest unwanted protein losses caused mainly by adsorption to the membrane structure. In order to obtain a higher efficiency of the MPS procedure (high selectivity between removal of pathological plasma components and unwanted losses mainly represented by albumin) several methods such as thermofiltration, application of pulsate flow at the end of secondary filter, etc. have been developed. Clinical verification of these methods led to some improvement in MPS procedure but these results did not seem to be optimal. The main objective of this paper is to present a new two-stage membrane system utilizing a high flow recirculation circuit developed particularly, but not only, for effective removal of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The designed and developed system has been tested in vitro using several different plasma fractionation membranes. The results obtained indicated the importance of the membrane structure and membrane material on the efficiency of the tested plasma fractionation procedure. It was also found that it is possible to obtain negligible protein losses for some selected membrane structures applied in the assessed system. Based on preliminary results, it seems that the new two-stage membrane system proposed could be characterized by a very low range of unwanted protein losses leading to high effectiveness of the plasma fractionation procedure.

Blood serum cholesterol and the state of the immune system
Dotsenko, E. A., G. I. Iupatov, et al. (2002), Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol(6): 99-105.
Abstract: This review deals with information on the relationship of the immunity system and the lipid transport system. The data of literature and the results obtained by the authors indicated that an elevated level of cholesterol in the blood serum is associated with the increased activity of the immunity system. On the one hand, lipids and their metabolites produce an immunomodulating effect and, on the other hand, biologically active molecules, synthesized by immunocompetent cells in the process of their activation and proliferation, regulate lipid metabolism.

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Cholesterol Journal Articles